Dilip Raj Paudel's blog

pic taken on 2067 and 2068 ..changes .. with in one year ??

2011-10-30T20:28:00.000+07:00

2067

2068

Website of bhainsipati police

2010-06-04T08:49:00.001+07:00

Bhainsipati police has started a new website.

Digital Memorandum of Residents को प्रस्तावना

जनताको जीउधनको सुरक्षाको प्रत्याभुति दिनुपर्ने राज्यको दायित्व हो । देशमा दैनिक रुपमा विभिन्न ढंगका अपराधिक क्रियाकलापहरु भइरहेका छन् र तिनलाइ नियन्त्रण गर्नका लागी प्रहरी संगठन अहोरात्र खटिरहेको हुन्छ । तर पनि विभिन्न तथ्यगत सुचनाको अभावमा यथार्थताको नजिक पुग्न कठिन परिश्रमको वावजुद पनि कहिलेकाही अपजस खप्नु परिरहेको छ।

my picture

2010-04-20T23:49:00.002+07:00

picture of Budhanilkantha on 2067

2010-04-20T23:28:00.000+07:00

2010-04-07T21:58:00.002+07:00

Blood Donation Program on 2066-12-22

2010-04-07T21:53:00.000+07:00

Picture on the program of Management Association Of Nepal

2010-03-07T21:46:00.000+06:00

EMBA students are involved on FGD for Management Development Scenerio 2009

2010-01-25T22:52:00.000+06:00

EMBA Students are involved on rapporting on

FGD (Focus Group Discussion)

programm for Management Development

Scenerio 2009. program is organised By MAN.

on 2066-10-11

Picture at Potato field at Bharatpur-7, Chitwan on 2066-09-24

2010-01-10T22:33:00.003+06:00

Picture at Potato field at Bharatpur-7, Chitwan on 2066-09-24

Is Windows Seven Available in English Only? No, It is available in Nepali also

2010-01-02T16:48:00.002+06:00

नेपाली भाषामा कम्प्युटर चलाउन चाहनेका लागि आगामी वैशाख महिना विशेष रहनेछ। माइक्रोसफ्टले वैशाख महिनालाई विशेष बनाउन लागेको हो। वैशाखबाट कम्प्युटर सञ्चालन प्रणाली (ओएस) विन्डोज सेभेन अब प्रयोगकर्ताले नेपाली भाषामा चलाउन पाउनेछन्, त्यो पनि निशुल्क। विन्डोज सेभेनको अंग्रेजी संस्करणसम्म पहुँच नभएका एक्सपी र भिस्टाका उपभोक्तालाई समेत यसबाट थप राहत मिल्नेछ।

नेपाली विन्डोज सेभेनको विकास कार्य अन्तिम चरणमा पुगेको छ। ‘वैशाख महिनामा प्रयोगकर्तामाझ ल्याउनेगरी हामी तयारी गर्दैछौं,' माइक्रोसफ्ट नेपालका प्रमुख एलन वैलोचन तुलाधर भन्छन्। माइक्रोसफ्टले यसअघि बजारमा ल्याएको ओएस भिस्टाको पनि नेपाली संस्करण बनाएको थियो।

विन्डोज सेभेन केही महिनाअगाडि मात्र बजारमा आएको हो। ओएस भिस्टाबाट ठक्कर खाएको माइक्रोसफ्टको विन्डोज सेभेन (अंग्रेजी संस्करण) सोचेभन्दा बढी विश्वबजारमा बिक्री भैरहेको छ। माइक्रोसफ्ट नेपालमार्फत विन्डोज सेभेन १० हजारभन्दा बढी नेपाली कलेज विद्यार्थीले निशुल्क आफ्ना पर्सनल कम्प्युटरमा राखिसकेका छन्। अब यो संख्या २० हजार पुर्‍याउन माइक्रोसफ्ट नेपाल लागेको छ। यसैबाट हौसिएको माइक्रोसफ्टले यसको नेपाली संस्करण नयाँ वर्ष २०६७ को उपहारस्वरुप निशुल्क नेपालीमाझ उपलब्ध गराउने तयारी गरेको छ।

विन्डोज सेभेन (नेपाली संस्करण)

विन्डोज सेभेनको नेपाली र अंग्रेजी संस्करणमा खासै फरक छैन। मात्र भाषा फरक हुनेछ। ओएसमा प्रयोग गरिएका सम्पूर्ण फिचर्स हुबहु छन्। भाषासम्बन्धी फिचर्समा भने केही भिन्नता भेटिन्छ। माइक्रोसफट्को प्रावधान नै यस्तै छ - स्थानीयकरण गर्दा भाषाबाहेक अन्य फिचर्समा फेरबदल गर्न पाइने छैन। अर्थात, अंग्रजी संस्करणमा भन्दा नेपाली संस्करणका उपभोक्ताले बढी सुविधा पाउनेछन्।

अधिकांश प्रयोगकर्ताले विन्डोज एक्सपी ओस प्रयोग गरेका छन्। ज्यादै थोरैकोमा विन्डोज भिस्टा छ। भिस्टाभन्दा एक्सपी पुरानो ओएस भएपनि प्रयोगकर्ता भिस्टामा रहेका प्राविधिक कठिनाइका कारण एक्सपीमा अडिग रहे। यसैकारण माइक्रोसफ्टले भिस्टा ल्याएको तीन वर्ष बित्न नपाउँदै विन्डोज सेभेन ल्याउन बाध्य भयो।

नेपाली विन्डोज सेभेनमा अक्षरको आकार (फन्ट साइज) केही सानो पारिएको छ। साना ल्यापटप, नोट बुक र मोबाइलमा समेत स्क्रिन पूरा अटोस् भनेर अक्षरको आकार घटाइएको हो।

एक्सपी र भिस्टामा समावेश गरिएका सेवालगायत विन्डोज सेभेनमा थुप्रै नयाँ फिचर्स समावेश गरिएको छ। विन्डोज सेभेन बढी सुरक्षा केन्द्रित बनाइएको छ। र, यसको अर्को विशेषता भनेको अघिल्ला ओएसभन्दा यो बढी छिटोछरितो छ। धेरै नयाँ फिचर्स समेटिए पनि यसमा खास ७ वटा फिचर्स छन्, जसले प्रयोगकर्ताको ध्यान बढी खिच्नेछ। माइक्रोसफ्टले यसलाई ‘सेभेन वन्डर्स अफ विन्डोज सेभेन' नाम दिएको छ।

१) बिट लकर

कम्प्युटर वा ल्यापटपको हार्डडिस्क चोरी भए अब डराउनु पर्दैन। हार्डडिस्कमा भएका डाटा कसैले पढ्न सक्ने छैनन्। हार्डडिस्कमा रहेका डाटाको सुरक्षा गर्नेछ ‘बिट लकर' ले।

एक दसकयता बोकेर हिँड्ने प्रविधिको प्रयोग ह्वात्तै बढेको छ। मोबाइल, ल्यापटप, नोटबुक आदि हराउने वा चोरी हुने सम्भावन पनि उत्तिकै। पहिला हार्डडिस्क हराए वा चोरी भए अन्य कम्पयुटरमा राखेर पढ्न सकिन्थ्यो। डाटाको मिसयुज हुने सम्भावन उत्तिकै थियो। तर, विन्डोज सेभेनमा रहेको बिट लकरले कम्प्युटरको हार्डडिस्क लक गर्न सकिनेछ। लक गर्दा राखिएको पासवर्ड नमिलेसम्म हार्डडिस्कमा रहेका डाटा हेर्न सकिने छैन।

बिट लकर सेवा सजह रूपमा प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ। विन्डोज सेभेन इन्स्टल गरिसकेपछि ‘नियन्त्रण कक्ष' (कन्ट्रोल प्यानल) मा गएर ‘सुरक्षा' (सेक्युरिटी) आइकन क्लिक गर्नुपर्छ। त्यसपछि ‘बिट लकर' मा डबल क्लिक गरी कुन ड्राइभलाई विट लक गर्ने छनौटगरी ‘ओके' गरेपछि त्यहाँ रहेका डाटा सुरक्षित हुनेछन्। पाँच सय जिबी डाटालाई विट लक गर्न झन्डै सात घन्टा लाग्छ। तर एकपटक विट लक गरेपछि त्यो सदाका लागि हुनेछ।

बिट लकरले हराएको हार्डडिस्कबाट डाटा पुनः उपलब्ध भने गराउँदैन। यसले मात्र अरूले प्रयोग गर्न नसक्ने बनाउँछ। हार्डडिस्क चोरी गर्नेले तीन वर्षसम्म निरन्तर पासवर्ड परीक्षण गर्‍यो भनेचाहिँ हार्डडिस्क खुल्न सक्छ। तर तीन वर्ष निरन्तर पासवर्ड परीक्षण गरेर बस्ने फुर्सद नै कसलाई?

विन्डोज सेभेन सपोर्ट गर्ने मोबाइल प्रयोगकर्ताले समेत यो सुविधा पाउनेछन्। मोबाइल हराएमा एक एसएमएस पठाएको भरमा मोबाइलमा रहेका सम्पूर्ण डाटा मेटाउन सक्नेछन्।

बिट लकर सेवा उपभोग गर्दा अलि बढी नै होसियार रहनुपर्छ। यदि लगातार तीन पटकसम्म पासवर्ड गलत हानिएमा त्यसपछि कम्प्युटर नखुल्ने मात्र होइन हार्डडिस्कमा रहेका सम्पूर्ण डाटा मेटिनेछन्। जसलाई पुनः पाउन असम्भव छ।

२) युजर इन्टरफेस

विन्डोज सेभेनले प्रयोगकर्तालाई कम्प्युटर चलाउन निकै सहज बनाउने देखिन्छ। धेरैजसो कमान्ड एक क्लिकका भरमा उपलब्ध हुने बनाइएको छ। बढी प्रयोग गरिएका कमान्ड टुलबारमै रहनेछन्। टुलबारमा रहेका कमान्डमा माउस राइट क्लिक गरे सम्बन्धित कमान्डमा पछिल्लो समय काम गरिएका फाइल पनि उपलब्ध गराउनेछ।

जस्तो एक्सपी र भिस्टामा माइक्रोसफ्ट वर्ड खोल्न परे माउस तीन-चार पटक क्लिक गरेपछि मात्र सम्भव हुन्थ्यो। विन्डोज सेभेनले यस्ता सुविधा एक क्लिकमा उपलब्ध गराउँछ। कमान्ड खोजेर बस्नुपर्ने झन्झटबाट विन्डोज सेभेनले उपभोक्तालाई मुक्ति दिनेछ।

३) डेस्कटप सर्च

डेस्कटप सर्चलाई पहिलेका ओएसमा भन्दा निकै सशक्त पारिएको छ। सर्चमा गएर कुनै पनि शब्द टाइप गर्न थालेपछि पहिला त टाइप गरिएका अक्षरसँग मिल्नसक्ने शब्द सुझावका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्नेछ। शब्द पूरा टाइप गरिसकेपछि इन्टर नहान्दै सम्बन्धित शब्दसँग मेल खाने सम्पूर्ण फाइल देखाउनेछ। यसअघिका ओएसले यति छिटो र सुक्ष्म तरिकाले फाइल खोज्न सक्दैनथे।

४) इन्टरनेट एक्सप्लोरर एट

माइक्रोसफ्टले नयाँ ओएसमा इन्टरनेट एक्सप्लोररलाई उच्च प्राथमिकतासाथ डिजाइन गरेको छ। ‘इन्टरनेट एक्सप्लोरर एट' विन्डोज सेभेनमा समावेश गरिएको नयाँ सुविधा हो। यसमा नयाँ फिचर्स ‘ट्याब' राखिएको छ। सधैं खोलिरहनुपर्ने वेबसाइट ट्याबमा भेटिनेछन्।

इन्टरनेट एक्सप्लोरर एटको विशेषता भनेको यसले सपोर्ट नगर्ने वेबसाइट पनि पुरानै एक्सप्लोररमा गएर खोलिदिन्छ। जसका कारण वेबसाइटको स्वरुप बिग्रन पाउँदैन र आफूलाई चाहिने सूचना पढ्न तथा डाउनलोड गर्न सघाउनेछ। यदि कुनै वेबसाइटलाई इन्टरनेट एक्सप्लोरर एटले सपोर्ट गरेन भने ‘एड बार' को दायाँपट्टी रहेको ‘मिल्दोजुल्दो दृश्य' आइकनमा क्लिक गरेपछि पुरानो शैलीको एक्सप्लोररमा वेबसाइट खुल्नेछ।

यसमा सुरक्षा अनुप्रयोग (सेफ्टी फिचर्स) मजबुत छ। सुरक्षा टुलबारमा रहेको ‘इनप्राइभेट ब्राउजिङ' क्लिक गरी इन्टरनेट चलाए हेरिएका कुराहरू लोकल हार्डडिस्कमा गएर बस्दैन। यो सुविधा पुराना ओएसमा थिएन। ‘फ्यामेली सेफ्टी' (पारिवारिक सुरक्षा) यसमा पाइने अर्को राम्रो फिचर्स हो। यो फिचर्स अन गरिदिए बच्चाले नचाहिने कुरा इन्टरनेटमा हेर्न सक्ने छैनन्। यसका लागि बच्चाको छुट्टै लगइन चाहिन्छ।

इन्टरनेट एक्सप्लोरर एटको अर्को राम्रो पक्ष - यसले खोलिएका वेबसाइटका ठेगानालाई हाइलाइट गरेर देखाउँछ। हाइज्याक गरिएका वेबसाइट हेरिएको छ वा वास्तविक यही हाइलाइट हेर्नेबित्तिकै थाहा पाउन सकिन्छ। कहिलेकाहीँ एउटा वेबठेगाना हान्यो तर अर्कै साइट खुल्छ, जुन सामान्य प्रयोगकर्ताले थाहा पाउन गाह्रो थियो। तर अब यसको समाधान ल्याएको छ नयाँ एक्सप्लोररले।

५) क्यालकुलेटर

३० वर्षपछि माइक्रोसफ्टले क्यालकुलेटरमा फेरबदल गरेको छ। नेपाली विन्डोज सेभेनमा समावेश गरिएको क्यालकुलेटरबाट अब माना, पाथी, धार्नीमा समेत हिसाबकिताब गर्न सकिनेछ। कति मानाको पाथी, कति किलोको धार्नी सबै क्यालकुलेटरले सिकाउनेछ। केजीलाई धार्नी, माना, पाथीमा लैजानसमेत क्यालकुलेटर सक्षम छ। क्यालकुलेटरमा फिट, मिटर, रोपनी, बिगा, हात सबैमा हिसाब गर्न सकिनेछ। वैज्ञानिक र प्रोगामर दुईथरी क्यालकुलेटरलाई मर्ज गरी एउटा बनाइएको हो।

क्यालकुलेटरले पुराना क्यालेन्डर खोज्न नपर्ने पनि बनाएको छ। किनकी क्यालकुलेटरबाटै विक्रम सम्बतलाई इस्वी सम्बतमा लान सकिनेछ। अझ स्पष्ट भन्नुपर्दा एक्सएलका धेरै सुविधा क्यालकुलेटरमा समावेश गरिएको छ।

कति अंकको बीचमा कमा राख्ने हो त्यो क्यालकुलेटरमा आफै मिलाउन सकिनेछ। यसमा क्यालकुलेसन इतिहाससमेत हेर्न सकिन्छ। क्यालकुलेटरमा गरिएका हिसाब मेमोरीमा गएर बस्छ। त्यहीबाट पुराना जोडघटाउ हेर्न सकिनेछ।

६) वाचन पहिचान (स्पिच रिकग्नाइजेसन)

विन्डोज सेभेनको अर्को आकर्षक अनुप्रयोग ‘वाचन पहिचान' हो। विन्डोज सेभेनमा मौखिक आदेशका भरमा कम्प्युटर सञ्चालन गर्न सकिन्छ। बिनाकिबोर्ड र माउस यसमा काम गर्न सकिन्छ। जे बोल्यो त्यो कम्प्युटरले आफै टाइप गर्छ। यति मात्र होइन, यसले ह्रस्वदिर्घसमेत मिलाउन सक्छ। आवाजबाट पाठ (स्पिच टु टेक्स्ट) र पाठबाट आवाज (टेक्स्ट टु स्पिच) दुवै सुविधा यसमा छन्। अर्थात यसले पाठलाई पढेर सुनाउन र आवाजलाई पाठमा लैजान सक्छ।

नेपाली विन्डोज सेभेनको शब्दावलीमा ५८ हजार नेपाली मूल शब्द समावेश गरिएको छ। जसबाट दुई करोड नेपाली शब्द बनेका छन्। जसमध्ये ५ हजारभन्दा बढी त प्राविधिक शब्द नै छन्। गालीगलौज, मानहानी, विभेद जनाउने तीनसय भन्दा बढी शब्द यसमा ब्लक गरिएको छ।

७) मल्टिटच फिचर्स

विन्डोज सेभेन माउस, किबोर्ड, मौखिक आदेशको भरमा मात्र होइन औंलाले छोएर पनि चलाउन सकिन्छ। टच स्क्रिन मोबाइल निर्मातालाई चुनौती दिने गरी वन्डोज सेभेन विकास गरिएको छ। आइफोनमा जस्तै यसमा पनि औंलाले छोएर सबै काम गर्न सकिन्छ। तर, यसका लागि टच स्क्रिन मनिटर हुन अनिवार्य छ।

भिस्टामा सिंगल टच मात्र सम्भव थियो। विन्डोज सेभेनमा मल्टिटच सम्भव छ। विन्डोज सेभेन राखिएको ल्यापटपको स्क्रिनमात्र होइन ‘टच प्याड' बाट पनि मल्टिटच सुविधा प्रयोग गर्न सकिनेछ। स्क्रिनमा औंला चलाएको भरमा तस्बिर सानोठूलो, पाठ टाइप गर्न सकिनेछ।

अन्य महत्त्‍वपूर्ण सुविधा

विन्डोज सेभेनमा अन्य यस्ता सुविधा पनि छन् जुन पहिलाका ओएसमा समावेश गरिएको थिएन। यी सुविधा प्रयोग गर्न पाउँदा साँच्चै नै प्रयोगकर्ता एकछिन चकित पर्नेछन्। ‘पावर सेल' यिनैमध्ये एउटा सुविधा हो। यसमा डस, लिनक्स र म्याकका कमान्ड चलाउन सकिन्छ। माउस र किबोर्डले गर्न नसक्ने कम्प्युटर नियन्त्रण पावर सेलबाट गर्न सकिन्छ। खासगरी यो प्राविधिक प्रयोगकर्ताको लागि बनाइएको हो।

विन्डेज सेभेनभित्र रहेर पुरानो ओएस एक्सपी पनि चलाउन सकिन्छ। यो यसको अर्को विशेषता हो। एक्सपीका प्रयोगकर्ता बढी भएका कारण माइक्रोसफ्टले यसलाई चलाउन मिल्ने गराएको हो। अर्थात नयाँ र पुरानो प्रविधि एकसाथ चलाउन सकिनेछ। ‘विन्डोज एक्सपी मोड' डाउनलोड गरेपछि मात्र विन्डोज सेभेनभित्र रहेर एक्सपी चलाउन सकिनेछ। विन्डोज एक्सपी मोड इन्टरनेटबाट निशुल्क डाउनलोड गर्न पाइन्छ।

‘एरो सेक' अर्को महत्त्‍वपूर्ण सेवा यसमा समावेश गरिएको छ। खोलिएकोमध्ये अगाडिको विन्डोमा गएर माउसको एरो हल्लाउने हो भने पछाडिका सबै विन्डो मिनिमाइज हुन्छन्। माउसको एरो पुनः हल्लाए मिनिमाइज भएका सबै विन्डो खुल्छ।

अर्को महत्त्‍वपूर्ण सुविधा भनेको नेपाली विन्डोज सेभेन राखिएको कम्प्युटरमा यसको अंग्रेजी संस्करण पनि एकसाथ चलाउन सकिनेछ। यो सुविधा पहिलेको ओएसमा थिएन। पहिला नेपालीबाट अंग्रेजी संस्करणमा जानुपरे कम्प्युटर ‘रिबुट' गर्नुपर्थ्यो। विन्डोज सेभेनमा बहुबुट गर्ने सुविधा राखिएको छ। एकसाथ नेपाली र अंग्रेजी संस्करण इन्स्टल गर्न सकिनेछ।

इन्स्टल कसरी गर्ने

विन्डोज सेभेनको नेपाली र अंग्रेजी संस्करण इन्स्टल गर्ने प्रक्रिया, यसको लागि चाहिने आवश्यक न्यूनतम हार्डवेयर सबै एउटै हो। अंग्रेजीजस्तै नेपाली संस्करण पनि ३२ बिट र ६४ बिट कम्प्युटरमा चल्नेछ। यी दुवै कम्प्युटरका लागि भिन्दाभिन्दै ओएस तयार पारिएको छ। तर, सुविधामा भने खासै भिन्नता छैन।

विन्डोज सेभेनको लागि सिपियु एक गिगा हर्ज वा योभन्दा द्रुत गतिको चाहिन्छ। र्‍याम भने ३२ बिट कम्प्युटरमा एक गिगा बाइट्स (जिबी) र ६४ बिट कम्प्युटरमा दुई जिबी हुन जरुरी छ। ग्राफिक्स प्रोसेसिङ युनिट ‘एरो क्यापेबल' छ। भिडियो र्‍याम १२८ मेगाबाइट्स (सेयर्ड) आवश्यक पर्छ। हार्डडिस्क ३२ बिट कम्प्युटरको लागि १६ जिबी र ६४ बिट कम्प्युटरको लागि २० जिबी अनिवार्य छ। अप्टिकल ड्राइभमा डिभिडी वा युएसबीमध्ये एक भए हुन्छ।

विन्डोज सेभेन इन्स्टल गर्ने सोच छ भने पहिला आफ्नो कम्प्युटर तथा ल्यापटपमा माथि उल्लेख गरिएका न्यूनतम हार्डवेयर आवश्यकता मेल खान्छ कि खाँदैन चेक गर्नुपर्छ। यो थाहा पाउन गाह्रो छैन।

१) पहिला कम्प्युटरको ‘स्टार्ट' बटन क्लिक गर्नोस्

२) त्यसपछि ‘माई कम्प्युटर' मा राइट क्लिक गर्नोस्, अनि ‘प्रोपर्टिज' मा

यति गरेपछि ‘सिस्टम प्रोपर्टिज' स्क्रिनमा खुल्छ। त्यहीँ सबै जानकारी राखिएको हन्छ - कम्प्युटरमा कुन ओएस छ, कति जिबी हार्डडिस्क, र्‍याम कति छ, कति बिटको कम्प्युटर आदि। सिस्टम प्रोपर्टिजमा यदि ‘एक्स ६४ एडिसन' देखिएन भने बुझ्नुपर्नेछ कम्प्युटर ३२ बिटमा चलिरहेको छ।

यदि तपार्इंको कम्प्युटरमा एक्सपी र भिस्टामध्ये एक ओएस छ भने बुझ्नुपर्नेछ त्यसमा विन्डोज सेभेन चल्नेछ। सम्भवतः विन्डोज सेभेन ३२ बिट कम्प्युटरमा चल्ने माइक्रोसफ्टको अन्तिम ओएस हुनेछ। धेरै प्रयोगकर्ता एक्सपीमै अडिग रहेका कारण विन्डोज सेभेनलाई ३२ बिट कम्प्युटरमा समेत चल्नेगरी विकास गरिएको हो।

एक्सपी ओएस रहेको कम्प्युटरमा केवल ‘सी' ड्राइभ मात्र फरम्याट गरे हुन्छ। पहिला सी ड्राइभमा रहेका आवश्यक फाइललाई सुरक्षित राख्नुपर्छ। यसको लागि माइक्रोसफ्टको आधिकारिक साइटमा गएर ‘विन्डोज इजी ट्रान्फर' (बेट) टुल डाउनलोड गर्नुपर्छ। यो डाउनलोड गर्नेबित्तिकै सी ड्राइभमा रहेका फाइल ब्याकअप गर्नेछ। अनि सुरु गर्नुपर्छ विन्डोज सेभेन इन्स्टल गर्न। इन्स्टल भैसकेपछि कम्प्युटरमा रहेको बेट टुलमा गएर क्लिक गरेपछि सी ड्राइभका फाइल पुनः प्राप्त गर्न सकिन्छ।

Source:nagariknews.com

Picture taken After observation of Narayanihiti Palace on 2066-08-06

2009-11-22T22:13:00.003+06:00

Bala Chaturdashi being observed

2009-11-15T17:47:00.004+06:00

A large number of devotees from Nepal and India have started thronging the premises of the Pashupatinath Temple on the eve of Bala Chaturdashi -- a religious event during which devotees pray for their deceased family members.

Also referred to as Sat Bij Chharne Din, the day is marked with devotees offering seven varieties of holy grains, fruits and coins to deities.

Bala Chaturdashi falls on the 14th day after the full moon in the month of Kartik (late November -- early December) as per Bikram Sambat calendar. On the occasion, the devotees also perform ritual walk along the Slesmantak Forest which is situated just above the Pashupatinath Temple. As per tradition, devotees light traditional oil lamp and recite mantras, keeping themselves awake all the night to ensure that the lamp keeps burning.

The next day, as day breaks, the devotees, who spent their sleepless night, take a holy dip in the Bagmati River and offer prayers to the guardian deity of Pashupatinath to wish eternal peace to departed ones.

Legend has it that, every single grain scattered is as valuable as its weight in gold. Pashupati Areas Development Trust (PADT), entrusted with the responsibility of looking into the rituals, has made final arrangement of security and essential service supposed to be provided to the pilgrims.

Meanwhile, the authorities are yet to open the eastern and western gate of the Pashupatinath temple. The gates have remained closed ever since the priest appointment row in August.

Picture after tika on Tihar festival

2009-10-20T10:18:00.002+07:00

Picture on Tihar festival 2009/2066

2009-10-20T10:10:00.002+07:00

Picture at Bindhavasini temple Pokhara

2009-10-01T11:58:00.005+07:00

Picture at Bindhavasini temple Pokhara

About Muktinath Temple

2009-10-01T11:55:00.002+07:00

Muktinath Temple in Nepal
SALIGRAMAM, POPULARLY known as Muktinath, a sacred place for both Hindus and Buddhists, is situated at an altitude of 3,710 metres in the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal — the summit of Dhaulagiri in Himalayan Mountain Ranges in Mustang District. Hindus call it Mukthi Kshetra
(The Salvation Valley) while Buddhists call it Valley Chumming Gyatsa (in Tibetan language it means the place of 108 waterspouts) and believe that Guru Rimpoche (Padmasambhava) the founder of Tibetan Buddhism meditated here on his way to Tibet.

The holy shrine, which is said to have risen on its own, is one of eight such shrines (the others include Srirangam, Sri Mushnam, Tirupati, Naimisaranyam, Thottadri, Pushkaram and Badrinath). It is also one of 108 Vaishnava shrines.
Only those who are willing to undergo physical discomfort and rigour can go to Muktinath. Above all, one should have the Grace of the Lord to visit Muktinath. There is partial service road to Muktinath & to go to Muktinath either by Jeep or any other vehicle from pokhara to myagdi beni and myagdi beni to jomsom and jomsom to muktinath, kagbeni is on the way of muktinath. After reaching Pokhara one has to go trekking the entire route or travel partly by bus up to Beni or Birethanti (Nayapul) and then either by foot or pony or by flight from Pokhara to Jomson and then again either by foot or pony or by helicopter from Pokhara/Kathmandu to Muktinath.
we can return to Pokhara on the same day after taking a holy bath in the 108 waterspouts and worshipping the Lord. There are flights between Pokhara and Jomsom during the day. Royal Nepal Airlines, Gorka Airlines, yeti Airlines, Agni Airlines, Tara Airlines and Everest Airlines fly to Jomsom and back from Pokhara, starting from about 6 a.m. There is no other flight after morning hours due to the strong winds that set in around 10 a.m.
Jomsom, a large village on the way to Muktinath where the trek begins, has hotels that provide boarding and lodging facilities. Generally pilgrims hire well-trained ponies at Jomsom to take them to Muktinath. The pony rider acts as a guide too. It is advisable to take the pony ride, as it is less strenuous when compared to trekking. Because trekking 21 km from about 250 m to 3700 m is no ordinary task. It takes about six to seven hours. As the path goes upward it becomes increasingly difficult to walk for more than 10 minutes without resting. Strong winds blow at a speed of 40 to 50 km from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
For half the distance to Muktinath, one has to travel on the Gantaki riverbed after which the route branches off. From there the path slowly winds up dusty mountain ridges with hardly a blade of grass. At the end of the 21 km route there are three villages. As Ranipauwa village is close to the temple and as it has boarding and lodging facilities, pilgrims can stay there.
There are different opinions about the actual Muktinath. While some say there is no other place except this one, there are some who aver that Damodarkund by the side of Gantaki river, 104 km from Kathmandu, is the real Muktishetra and others who claim that Muktinath is another six days travel by foot, where pilgrims can collect saligramams right from the river. Another six days of trekking! That too in difficult terrain where oxygen is scarce! For those of us who cannot even think of undertaking such a journey, it is better to return after worshipping the Lord here — the place Saint Ramanujar visited. There is a minaret recording the visit of Sri Ramanuja giving authenticity to the belief of scores of devotees visiting Muktinath. Periazhwar and Thirumangai Azhwar have sung 12 Pasurams and glorified the deity.
At the temple
Presiding deity: Mukti Narayana in a standing posture;
Goddess: Sridevi and Bhoodevi;
Sacred Water: Chakra Theertham;
Tower: Kanakavimanam.
Behind the temple there are 108 faucets in the shape of a head of a bull, closely arranged in a semi-circle with a gap of hardly a foot between the faucets, at a height of seven feet. Water from River Gantaki must have been diverted to flow through the mouth of the bull. Pilgrims who visit the temple take a holy bath in each of these spouts. But as the water is ice cold it requires burning desire and courage to take a holy bath here.
In addition to Lord Narayana, Lakshmi and Bhoodevi the temple depicts brass images of Goddess Saraswati and Janaki and Garuda, Lava-Kusa and the Sapta Rishis. After completing prayer and puja at the temple a visit to Mharme Lha Khang Gomba, the monastery dedicated to Guru Rimpoche (Padmasambhava) with his huge image situated to the North of Muktinath and Mebar Lha Gomba, the monastery of `miraculous fire', with the main deity Chineresig, under which natural gas is continuously burning, situated South of Muktinath temple where Hindus worship the fire as Jwala Mai (Goddess of fire), and also Gomba Samba, a newly built monastery with main deities Sakyamuni, Chingresig and Guru Rimpoche situated at left from entrance gate of Muktinath temple complex, would be worth it.

On Dashain Occasion with family

2009-09-28T20:34:00.002+07:00

Picure on Bishnu Devi Temple at Nakkhu Lalitpur on 2066-06-12 (Dashain festival)

After Tika on Vijaya Dashami 2066-06-12

2009-09-28T20:31:00.003+07:00

Picture of Pashupatinath and Bhadrakali Kathmandu, nepal

2009-09-27T18:54:00.002+07:00

Picture of front view of Pashupatinath temple in Kathmandu

Changra

2009-09-27T18:48:00.004+07:00

Changra for dashain 2066.

Picture of Baglung Kalika on 2066-06-03 Ghatasthapana and Dilip

2009-09-27T18:43:00.002+07:00

Durga Bhawani & Dashain Ping

2009-09-27T07:13:00.002+07:00

Tal Barahi Temple at Fewa Lake

2009-09-24T08:57:00.001+07:00

Fewa lake at pokhara

2009-09-24T08:50:00.002+07:00

picture at Baglung Kalika Temple at Baglung District

2009-09-24T08:44:00.003+07:00

picture

2009-09-24T08:39:00.002+07:00

Some picture at Parwat District of Nepal

2009-09-24T08:34:00.002+07:00

Galeshwor temple at Magdi

2009-09-24T08:30:00.002+07:00

Muktinath, Narsingh Awatar, Map of Muktinath

2009-09-24T08:25:00.002+07:00

Muktinatha temple, 108 Dhara & pound

2009-09-24T08:16:00.002+07:00

Shradda at Kagbeni

2009-09-24T08:06:00.004+07:00

picture taken at Capital of apple in nepal = Marpha

2009-09-24T08:03:00.001+07:00

Map of Marpha

2009-09-24T07:59:00.002+07:00

picture at hotel krishu jomsom

2009-09-24T07:55:00.003+07:00

Nilgiri mountain

2009-09-24T07:49:00.001+07:00

Pokhara to Jomsom flight

2009-09-24T07:46:00.002+07:00

picture taken from plane

2009-09-24T06:38:00.002+07:00

Picture of Basic Accounting & Financial Management Training

2009-09-10T23:29:00.008+07:00

BASIC ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

2009-08-24T17:27:00.003+07:00

Management Association of Nepal (MAN) is going to organize a Training cum Workshop Program on BASIC ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
BHADRA 19 -25, 2066 (SEPTEMBER 04-10, 2009)
OBJECTIVES of Training
The central focus of this program is to equip the participants with practical concept, tools and techniques of accounting and basic financial management. At the end of the training, participants will be able to:
® understand the importance of preliminary accounting techniques and basic financial management and its real application in practical professional life.
® maintain the financial transactions in books of account properly.
® prepare financial statements and analyze and interpret them as per the requirements of the users/organizations.
® manage the financial section/division.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND
The training course is primarily intended for the officers and supervisors having the basic knowledge of book keeping, accounting and financial management. However, the personnel working in accounting or related areas of financial transaction and potential account as well as internal auditor and storekeeper having a little or no knowledge of basic accounting and financial management will also be benefited from the course.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Basic Accounting Concepts
2. Preparation of Journal Vouchers, posting into the ledgers and Preparation of Trial Balance and other periodical Statements including Bank Reconciliation Statement, Rectification of Accounting Errors (case illustration)
3. Financial Reporting by different types of enterprises, I/NGOs, Government offices : Overview
4. Financial Reporting Standards: Overview
5. Preparation of Financial Statements: Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement and explanatory notes (Case illustration)
6. Treatment of Extra-ordinary items, Fundamental Errors, changes in accounting estimate, changes in accounting policy
7. Inventory Accounting
8. Recording of FOREX Transaction, treatment of borrowing costs
9. Knowledge on Working Capital Management
10. Income Tax Practices: Income from Employment, Business, Tax Deduction at source, Tax file return (case Illustration)
11. Introduction of VAT: applicability, exemption, issuance of tax invoice, accounting and file returnNote: for the purpose of Case illustration, industry/entity relating to sector of economy shall be representative of the most of participant attending the training program.
DATE & DURATION
The program will be commenced from the date of Bhadra 19 -25, 2066 (September 04-10, 2009). The entire training course will be covered in 7 days consisting of 3 sessions a day and each session will be for one and half hours, starting from 11 a.m. to 4:15 p.m. each day.
FEES
Individual Fee:MAN Members Rs. 14,000.00 (Net)Non-MAN Members Rs. 15,000.00 (Net)The participation fee covers expenses of tuition fee, stationary, reading materials and refreshments every day. Please note that applicants are required to send the program fee with the registration form. No separate invoice will be issued.
VENUE
Premises of Management Association of Nepal (MAN), Anamnagar, KathmanduNOMINATIONThe Nomination of the participants should reach MAN office by September 1st, 2009 (Bhadra 16, 2066). We will entertain nominees on the first-come-first priority basis. Number of participants for this program will be among 15-20.

Reporting on POST Budget Program Organised by MAN

2009-08-19T00:36:00.003+07:00

Get-2gether program EMBA friends 2066-05-02

2009-08-19T00:20:00.003+07:00

Mahabir Pun and his contribution on wireless network for internet on remote village

2009-06-28T20:36:00.004+07:00

देशका लागि स्वयंसेवा गर्ने हैन त ?
-स्याटेलाइट-
महावीर पुन तपाइँहरुलाई चिनाइरहनु पर्ने नाम होइन। नेपालको विकट जिल्ला म्याग्दीबाट ‘दुर्गम ठाँउहरुलाई’ इन्टरनेटको सञ्जालसँग जोड्न शुरु भएको थियो महावीरको वायरलेस इन्टरनेट प्रोजेक्ट। अहिले यो बाग्लुङ, गोर्खा, पर्वत, पाल्पा, मकवानपुर लगायत दर्जन बढी जिल्लाहरुमा फैलिसकेको छ। मैले महावीरको ‘नेपाल वायरलेस प्रोजेक्ट’ मा सम्मिलित भएर काम गर्न थालेको केही महिनामात्र भयो। म र मेरो इराकी मूलको अमेरिकी साथी अनेशले प्रोजेक्टलाई आवश्यक पर्ने वायरलेस उपकरणहरु बेलामौकामा पठाइरहेका थियौँ। तर नेपालको झ्याउलाग्दो भन्सार। प्रयोग गरिएका यी उपकरणहरु पठाउँदा पनि थुप्रै झन्झट ब्यहोर्नुपरेको तीतो अनुभव हामीसँग छ।हामीले पठाएका केही उपकरणहरुसहित महावीर।
स्वयंसेवाका रुपमा पठाइएका यी उपकरणहरु छुटाउन मैले एकपल्ट तत्कालीन अर्थमन्त्री बाबुराम भट्टराईलाई इमेल लेखेको थिएँ। ‘तपाँईका भन्सार कर्मचारीहरु निकै भ्रष्ट र परपीड्क छन्। यी उपकरणहरु प्रयोग भैसकेका हुन्। यिनको प्रयोजन महावीर पुनको नेपाल वायरलेस प्रोजेक्ट अन्तर्गत नेपालका विकट गाउँहरुमा इन्टरनेटको पहुँच पुर्‍याउन गरिनेछ। यसको फाइदा त्यहाँस्थित हाम्रा विद्यालयका विद्यार्थी, स्थानीय व्यापारीलगायत सर्वसाधारण हुनेछन्। त्यसैले हामीले दुःख गरेर पठाएका यी उपकरणहरु भन्सारमा रहेका जुकाहरुबाट जोगाई महावीर पुनसम्म पुग्न हामीलाई सहयोग गर्नुहोस्।
प्रतिउत्तरका लागि एकसाता पर्खिएँ। आएन। भन्सारका जुकाहरुले छ हजार नेपाली रुपैँयामा बार्गेनिङ गरे। त्यसभन्दा पटक्कै घटेनन्। भन्सार तिर्ने भए त्योभन्दा बढी राजस्व तिर्नुपर्ने रे। लौ त भनेर तिर्न बाध्य भयौँ। नत्र उपकरणहरु म्याग्दीसम्म पुग्ने अवस्था थिएन।
मसँग IT Networking मा राम्रो दख्खल राख्ने साथी अनेश थियो। मैले महावीरको काम र उद्देश्य उसलाइ बताएको थिएँ। ऊ नेपालका विकट गाउँहरुमा पुगेर इन्टरनेट पुर्याउने काममा हामिलाइ सहयोग गर्न उत्सुक भयो। सयौँ डलर टिकटमा खर्चेर ऊ मसँगै टर्की, मलेसिया हुँदै नेपाल आएको छ। उसले आफूसँग माइक्रोटिक, सिस्को स्विच, वायरलेस कार्डहरुजस्ता हामीलाई ती गाँउहरुमा इन्टरनेट सेट-अप गर्न अत्यावश्यक उपकरणहरु बोकेर आएको छ।
काठमाडौँ आएपछि हामीले महावीरलाई भेट्यौँ ठमेलस्थित काठमाडौँ गेष्ट हाउस परिसरमा। कसरी नेटवर्क सेट-अप गर्ने भन्नेबारेमा छलफल गर्‍यौँ। आँउदो हप्ता हामी दुई जना अमेरिकी स्वयंसेवकसहित छ जनाको समूह मुस्ताङको जोमसोम जाँदैछौँ। त्यहाँबाट हामी नजिकका गाउँ र विद्यालयहरुलाई इन्टरनेटसँग जोडने काम गर्नेछौँ। महावीर हामीसँगै हुनुहुनेछ। त्यहाँ हामी दुई हप्ता बसेर इन्टरनेट नेटवर्क सेटअप सँगसँगै त्यहाँको शैक्षिकस्तर विद्यालयहरुमा पुगेर बुझ्नेछौँ।
अमेरिकाको Yale University बाट आफ्नो गर्मी विदामा महावीरको प्रोजेक्टमा सघाउन स्वय‍सेवक बनेर आएका Henry Rudriguez सँग मैले पुतलिसडकस्थित कार्यालयमा भेटेको थिएँ। उनी हामीलाई सहयोग गर्न अमेरिकादेखि आएका छन्। अनेश हाम्रा बालबालिकाहरुसम्म इन्टरनेटको पहुँच पुर्‍याउन उपकरणहरुसहित इराकबाट नेपाल आएको छ। उनीहरु अढाइ दिन हिँडेर जोमसोम परका गाँउहरुमा पुग्नेछन् महावीरको लक्ष्यलाइ आकार दिन। कामहरु धेरै छन्। गोरखामा पनि स्वयंसेवकहरु चाहिएका छन्। पर्वतको कुस्मासम्म इन्टरनेट लिङ्क पुर्‍याइसकिएको छ। फलेबासलगायतका ठाँउहरुबाट माग भैरहेको छ। सीमित जनशक्ति र साधनले गर्दा चाहेजति ठाँउहरुलाई इन्टरनेटसँग जोड्न सकिएको छैन। गाउँले विद्यार्थीहरु र विद्यालयलाई काठमाडौ-पोखरास्थित व्यवसायिक इन्टरनेट प्रदायक कम्पनीहरुले बजार मान्दैनन्।
नेपाली युवाहरुसमक्ष मेरो एउटा अनुरोध छ- तपाईँ हामी नलागेसम्म सरकारले विकास गरिदिन्न र यो संभव छैन। हामीलाई नेपाली गाउँहरुमा कम्प्युटर र इन्टरनेटको पहुँच पुर्‍याउन धेरै स्वयंसेवकहरुको खाँचो छ। स्वयंसेवक बन्न सम्बन्धित विषयमा पोख्तै हुनुपर्दैन। समय र मन ठूलो कुरा हो। हामीले वर्षको एक महिना हाम्रा विकट गाँउहरुमा परिवर्तनको लहर ल्याउनका निम्ति छुट्याउन सक्दैनौ र ? शहरमा १०+२ को परिक्षा दिएर बसेकाहरुले समेत गाउँहरुमा पुगेर छोटो कोर्स पढाउन सक्छन्। बेसिक कम्प्युटर सिकाउन सक्छन्। गणित या विज्ञान पढाउन सक्लान्। हामीले स्वंयसेवाको यो अवधारणालाई केही स्तरीय उच्च माविहरुसँगको समन्वयमा पर्वतका केही विद्यालयहरुबाट शुरु गर्ने योजनामा छौँ। यसका लागि गृहकार्य भैरहेको छ। छोटो अवधिका लागि शहरका योग्य विद्यार्थीहरुलाई गाँउहरुमा लगिनेछ स्वयंसेवकका रुपमा। एक या दुई महिनाको छोटो बसाइमा उनीहरुले गाउँका केटाकेटीहरुलाई कम्प्युटर लगायत भाषागत ज्ञानहरु दिनेछन् साथै सडकमा टायर बाल्नु र यातायात बन्द गर्नु सभ्य मानिसहरुले गर्ने काम होइन भन्नेजस्ता सामान्य तर महत्वपूर्ण कुराहरु सिकाउनेछन्। हामीकहाँ डिग्री गरेका विद्यार्थीहरु त भए, तर ती सामान्य ज्ञानसमेत नभएका अराजक भीडमात्र बनिदिए। स-साना परिवर्तनहरुको सामूहिक रुप नै एउटा सिङ्गो सफलता हो।
हामीलाई मुस्ताङ, गोर्खा, कपिलवस्तु, पाल्पा र भैरहवामा महावीर पुनको प्रोजेक्टमा सहयोग गर्नसक्ने स्वयंसेवकहरुको आवश्यकता छ। केही विदेशी स्वयंसेवकहरुले मात्र गरिदिएर हाम्रा योजनाहरु समयमा सकिने छैनन्। विदेशीहरु हाम्रो लागि केही गरिदिन सात समुद्र पारिदेखि आँउछन् तर हामीहरु कहिले नसकिने राजनीतिक खेलहरुका बारेमा टिप्पणी गर्दै बसेका छौँ।
देश विकासका यी कामहरुमा सहयोगी हुन फिल्डमै खट्नुपर्छ भन्ने छैन। विदेशमा बस्ने नेपालीहरुले महावीरको लक्ष्यमा सहयोगी बन्न One Dollor a month कार्यक्रम अनुसार पनि सक्दो आर्थिक सहयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ। प्रयोग भैसकेका कम्प्युटर, स्विच लगायतका उपकरण पठाएर पनि स्वयंसेवक बन्न सक्नुहुन्छ। यी सहयोगहरु महत्वपूर्ण योगदान हुनेछन्।
महावीर पुनसहितको हाम्रो समूह केही दिनमा मुस्ताङमा हुनेछौँ र त्यहाँबाट सम्भव भयमा थप अपडेट गरौँला। थप जानकारीको लागि www.nepalwireless.net मा हेर्नुहोला। मलाई आशा छ, सहयोगी हातहरु उठ्ने नै छन् परिवर्तनका निम्ति। देश हाम्रो हो, बनाउने हामीले नै हो।
परिवर्तनका निम्ति स्वयंसेवक बन्ने हैन त !

source:http://www.mysansar.com/temp/1897.html

2009-06-15T09:18:00.001+07:00

Picture taken on the occasion of invitation of Madhav parajuli at Budanilkantha Temple for PRASAD grahan

2009-06-15T09:11:00.004+07:00

About in side & outside of Kathmandu valley/ some important temples and monuments

2009-04-17T22:30:00.002+07:00

KATHMANDU VALLEY
Legend has said that Kathmandu valley was once a great lake and Manjushree is said to have slashed a hill, which is presently known as Chovar, to drain the water to give us Kathmandu valley, as we know it. Today it is no longer an expansive watery body but a vast lake of architectural and cultural wonders.
Kathmandu
Kathmandu , the small mountain sheltered valley; the arrival and visit point for the visitors is the historical and architectural center point of Nepal which was crowned with the title of " Capital City " after the great unification of Nepal in 1768 AD. It is no wonder that seven UNESCO designated world heritage sites are situated within a radius of a few km in the valley. The three Durbar Squares of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur (3 districts of the Valley) are renowned to the arena of tourism for being a masterpiece in art and architecture. Just walking through the narrow lanes of the city is travel back into time. Unchanged for centuries some of the places look like open air museums with skillfully built temples, palaces and stone structures which bear testimony to the rich cultural and artistic heritage of the city. It is also home to Kumari, the living child goddess who is the protector of the city. The old carved houses, narrow lanes, and frequently encountering ancient temples and moreover adorned by the rare and attracting cultures and festivals enlists Kathmandu as "a focal destination" for sightseeing. The valley forwards itself to the panoramic views of the captivating Himalayas , sequestered jungles and also to the exotic hiking corners.

Places Around Kathmandu
Kathmandu Durbar Square In fact Kathmandu boasts one of the largest congregations of magnificent historical monuments and shrines ever built. Duly recognized as a world Heritage Site by UNESCO- this particular area best known as Kathmandu Durbar Square lies in the heart of the city. It is the historic seat of royalty. Clustered around the central Durbar Square is the old Royal Palace (Hanuman Dhoka), which serves as a museum that chronicles the life of the past rulers of Nepal, numerous interesting temples dedicated to different Hindu gods and goddess, the Kumari Bahal (House of the Living Goddess) and the Kasthamandap (House of Wood), built probably in the 12th century, a wonderful example of craftsmanship made from a single tree & from which Kathmandu derived its present name. An inquisitive exploration in the Durbar Square reveals the ancient art and architecture of Nepal , which has proved to be a masterpiece to everyone accepting its genuineness. Most of the buildings we see here date from 15th to 18th century. The entire Palace Complex here is named after a monkey god called Hanuman. One can see a huge stone statue of Hanuman painted all red right next to the main entrance (the golden gate) of the palace. Hanuman here is regarded as a powerful protector of the entire Durbar Square . There are also Numismatic Museum and Tribhuvan Museum inside the Hanuman Dhoka Palace building. Photography is prohibited inside the museums. Both the museums remain closed on Tuesdays and government holidays. Some of the important monuments/ Temple to be seen here are:
Taleju temple: The tallest of all structures built by king Mahendra Malla in 1549 A.D. Jagannath temple: Built in the 16th century, known for fascinating erotic figures carving the wooden strata eaves.Kal Bhairav : One of the largest stone idols in Kathmandu representing the terrifying aspects of Shiva. Statue of King Pratap Malla: It is in praying gesture to Taleju, the royal family deity right across. Kumari Ghar: It is a17th century Kumari temple, an example of the highly developed Nepalese temple craft. This residence of Living goddess, Kumari, is situated in the vicinity of Hanuman Dhoka Palace . The building has profusely carved wooden blaconies and window screens. The Kumari- the living Goddess, acknowledges the greetings from her balcony window. Photography is prohibited. Kasthamandap: Located near the temple of Kumari , it is said to have been built by King Laxmi Narsingha Malla in the beginning of the sixteenth century from the timber of a single tree. It is said to be constructed from the wood of a single tree. The Kathmandu City derives its name from the same temple, Kasthamandap.
Syambhunath This temple is one of the world's most enchanting glorious and the oldest Buddhist stupas. It is said to be more than 2000 years old. This glorious manmade landmark is three kilometers west of Kathmandu city and is situated on a hillock about 77m above the level of the Kathmandu Valley . Referred to as the monkey temple, this instantly recognizable structure with the all-seeing eyes of the Lord Buddha, Painted on the four sides of the spire bases, the symbol of Buddha's clairvoyant powers, is also the symbol of the capital city. The Stupa of Swayambhunath stands on a typically stylized lotus Mandala base-a long time ago believed to have originated from a legendary lake of Kathmandu Valley. Its main feature the white dome is identified with a spotless pure jewel of Nirvana and a thirteen-tiered golden spire in conical shape surmounted on the dome. From the platform of the spot the splendid changing view of the valley could be seen with the monkeys running here and there.

KIRTIPUR Kirtipur is one of the most ancient attractions of Nepal . Situated atop a strategic hillock 10 km southwest of Kathmandu , Kirtipur (local name Kipu) indeed embodies courage and bravery. Tribhuvan University is located at the foot of the hill. This historic town has many things to offer like old shrines and temples, old houses, the people typically dressed in old traditional costumes, people working on ancient loom etc. Those, who enjoy basking in antiquity, should never miss to go around this historic place to have a closes-up view of the wonderful lifestyle of its Newar inhabitants and their much admired skills in producing textile and other handicraft items. The height of Kirtipur also makes it a favored place for viewing the Kathmandu Valley as well as the Himalayas in the distant north. And for those, who wish blending their cultural trip with a touch of spiritual salvation, there are the Buddhist Chilamchu Stupa, Shiva Parvati temple and many other remarkable mountains.
Machchhendranath Temple : The temple of Sweta Machchhendranath is situated at Machchhendra Bahal between Indra Chowk and Asan. It is a pagoda of considerable artistic beauty. Also called as Janmadyo or Machchhendra the deity.
Akash Bhairav Temple : A three storey temple in the main market avenue, called Indra Chowk, the image of Akash Bhairav is displayed outside for a week during Indra Jatra, the festival of Indra - the God of Rain.
Ashok Vinayak: The small but a very important temple of Ashok Vinayak is situated behind the Kasthamandap -also known as Kathmandu Ganesh or Maru Ganesh.
Jaishi Dewal: Five minutes from Kasthmandap the Shiva Temple of Jaishi Dewal is famous for its erotic carvings. It is still one of the main routes of the chariot festival of Indra Jatra, Gai Jatra and other festivals.
Tundikhel: A huge greenfield , flanks one entire side of the old city Tundikhei. Some of the important landmarks of Kathmandu valley are located in the periphery of this area. At the south western end of Tundikhel is a 59.29m. tower built by Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa in 1832 A.D. known as Dharahara (or Bhimsen Stambha). Sundhara-fountains with golden water spouts is situated at the foot of this great tower also belonging to the same period.
Martyr's Memorial (Sahid) Gate: It is located between Bhimsen Stambha and Bhadrakali temple. The memorial arch contains the statue of the late King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah and the busts of four martyrs.
Bhadrakali Temple : As the eastern edge of the Tundikhel, near Shahid Gate stands the temple of Goddess Bhadrakali . This temple is also known as Lumarhi Temple and is one of the main "Shakta" temples of Kathmandu city.
Singha Durbar: A grand imposing palace built on the neo-classical style. Singha Durbar was the private residence of Rana Prime Ministers. Now it is the Secretariat of His Majesty's Government of Nepal.
Narayanhity Durbar: It was the former Royal Palace and after the great Peoples Revolution and the meeting of Constituent Assembly this palace is now transformed as Narayanhity Musuem. A famous historic water spout called Narayanhity, is situated at the southern corner of the Palace.
Kaisar Libreary: Located inside the premises of Ministry of Education, Kaisar library is a great centre of rare and valuable books and manuscripts. It is open for the public except Saturdays and other government holidays.
Balaju Water Garden : Situated about five kilometers North-west of Kathmandu, Balaju Garden features fountains with 22 crocodile headed water spout dating from the mid eighteenth century. There is also a swimming pool inside the park.
National Museum : Two and half kilometers west of Kathmandu , the National Museum has a splendid collection of weapons, artifacts from ancient, medieval and modern Nepal . Its archaeological and historical displays are worth seeing. The museum is open everyday except Tuesday and government holidays.
Natural History Museum : Situated three kilometers west of Kathmandu city behind the famous Swayambhunath hillock this museum has a unique collection of butterflies, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, plants and a variety of fossils collected within the country. Photography inside the museum is prohibited
Guheswari Temple : Near Pashupatinath is located another historic and holy temple of Guheswari . Only Hindus are allowed to enter the temple courtyard.
Chabahil : The lovely Stupa of Chabahil is believed to have been built by Charumati, the daughter of the Indian Emperor Ashoka, in the third century B.C. There are ancient statues around the Stupa.
Chandra Vinayak : The temple of Chandra Vinayak is situated about 200m. north of Chabahil Stupa. This double tiered brass roofed temple houses a tiny image of Lord Ganesh, the elephant -headed god.
Gokarna : This lovely Royal Game Sanctuary, also known as Gokarna Safari Park , lies about ten kilometers north-east of Kathmandu . Many wild animals such as spotted deer can be viewed in the sanctuary from an elephant back. On the northern side of Gokarna, is a pagoda of Gokarneshwor Mahadev.
Sankhu : It is a typical Newari town, with many fine old buildings and temples. Beyond the village, up a long flight of stone stairs, is Bajra Jogini, a historical temple with a beautiful view of the local area.
Sundarijal : It is famous for its scenic beauty.There are magnificent waterfalls, cataracts and rock formations. It is an ideal place for picnic requiring a short walk after the motorable road.
Chobhar : Located 9km southwest of Kathmandu , this place is famous for its gorge. All the water of the valley drains through it. There is a small but picturesque Adinath temple on the top of a hill from where one can take in a spectacular view of snow topped giant Himalayan peaks.
Shekha Narayan : Situated between Chobhar and Dakshinkali the temple of Shekha Narayan represents one of the four Narayans of the Kathmandu Valley . The other three Narayans are Changu Narayan of Bhaktapur, Visankhu Narayan of Patan and Ichangu Narayan of Kathmandu .
PATAN
This ancient city of Patan also Known as Lalitpur or the city of fine arts is about five kilometers southeast of Kathmandu . Lalitpur is fragmented from other cities due to its substantive architectural ancient masterpieces. Patan's central durbar square is absolutely packed with temples: it's an architectural center point with a far greater concentration of temples per sq. meter than in Kathamandu or Bhaktapur. Krishna Mandir, which is one of the grandeur of the square, was built in 1637 by the king Siddhinarsingh Malla. The entire temple is constructed from the stone. Golden Temple which is the unique Buddhist Monastery was founded in the12th century which is a large rectangular building has three roofs and a copper gilded façade with the images of Buddha and Avalokitesvara where there are Buddha images and illustrations on the walls. Take the pleasure of discovering this Patan durbar square, which has been entitled in the World Heritage Site. Patan Durbar square: Patan Durbar square lies in the North West of Kathmandu city in the heart of Lalitpur city. The square is full of ancient palaces, temples and shrines, noted for their exquisite carvings. The square has been unrestrainedly adorned by the Bhimsen Temple, Manga Hiti, Vishwanath Temple, Jagannarayan Temple and numerous. Marking the Northern end of the palace complex, the museum's imposing Keshav Narayan Chowk is still overshadowed by the dominant Degutale temple behind. The Sundari Chowk holds in its center a masterpiece of stone architecture, the Royal bath called Tushshity. The Palace and its Square are inscribed as a World Heritage Site. Krishna Mandir, which is one of the grandeur of the square, was built in 1637 by the king Siddhinarsingh Malla. The entire temple is constructed from the stone. It is supposed to be the first specimen of Shikhar style architecture in Nepal . It is the only temple in Nepal having 21 spires attracting all visitors and tourists. It is listed in the world heritage because of its delighted and wonderful value.
Krishna Mandir: Built in the seventeenth century, the temple of Lord Krishna holds a commanding position in the palace complex of Patan. It is supposed to be the first specimen of Shikhara style architecture in Nepal . It is the only temple in Nepal having 21 spires and is completely made of stone. Mahaboudha: A litle further east from Patan Durbar Square lies this Buddhist temple made of clay bricks in which thousands of images of Lord Buddha engraved. The terra-cotta structure is one of the fourteenth century Nepalese architectural masterpieces. Hiranya Verna Mahavihar : Located inside kwabadehal, this three storey golden pagoda of Lokeshwor (Lord Buddha) was built in the twelfth century by king Bhaskar Verma. Inside the upper storey of the pagoda, are the golden image of Lord Buddha and a large prayer wheel. Kumbheshwor: This fine tiered temple of Lord Shiva was built during the reign of King Jayasthiti Malla. A fair is held here on the Janai Poornima day in August. Jagatnarayan Temple : Situated at Sankhmul, this tall, imposing temple of Lord Vishnu . The temple has many fine images of stone and an artistic metal statue of Garuda on a stone pillar. Rudra Varna Mahavihar: This unique Buddhist monastery contains fine and amazing collection of images and statues in metal, stone and wood. It is believed that the Kings in the ancient times were crowned in this monastery. Many of the treasures offered by the devotees can be seen here even today. The Ashokan Stupas: There are four ancient stupas popularly believed to have been built in 250 B.C. by Emperor Ashoka at the four corners of Patan. The four stupas are situated in Pulchowk, Lagankhel, Ebahi and in Teta (way to Sano Gaon) respectively. These stupas give evidence to the city's ancient religious importance.Acchheswor Mahavihar: It was established towards the beginning of the seventeenth century by one Acchheshwor by building a temple to house an idol of Lord Buddha. The Mahavihar has recently been reconstructed. Situated behind the Ashokan Stupa at Pulchowk, the Mahavihar commands a beautiful view of The Kathmandu Valley. Temple of Machhendranath and Minnath : The pagoda of Red Machhendranath built in 1408 A.D. is situated in Tabahal. For six months the deity is taken to its other shrine in Bungmati. The temple of Minnath is situated in Tangal on the way to Tabahal. The Zoo : Situated at Jawalakhel, the zoo has many animals,birds and reptiles in its collections mostly representing the Himalayan fauna. There is a beautiful pond built in 17th A. D. Patan Industrial Estate : Patan Industrial Estate is situated at Lagankhel in Lalitpur (Patan) near Sat Dobato. This Industrial Estate is well known for Nepali handicrafts such as wood carvings, metal crafts, carpets and thangka paintings. For The convenience of The tourists there is a shopping arcade where all the handicraft products of the Estate are exhibited in the shopping arcade. Bajra Barahi : Situated in a small woodland park, it is about ten kilometers south of Patan near the village of Chapagaon . A visit to Tika Bhairav and Lele from here is worthwhile. Godavari : Situated at the foothills of Phulchowki, Royal Botanical Garden has a splendid natural beauty. The road from Patan city runs to Godavari to The soutlh-east, passing through the small, old towns of Harisiddhi, Thaiba and Badegaun. It is the only in Nepal , is open daily including Saturdays and government holidays. Phulchowki: Located around ten kilometers southeast of Patan, this mountain, 2758 m. high, is a good spot for hiking. A Buddhist shrine is situated on the top of the hill which can be reached through a jeep able road.
BHAKTAPUR
Bhaktapur, locally known as Khwopa is world-renowned for its elegant art, fabulous culture and indigenous life-style. It is known for its majestic monuments, colorful festivals and the native Newars best known for their generations-old craftsmanship. The ancient city is also popularly known as the “city of culture”, “the living heritage” and “ Nepal 's cultural capital”. Situated at an altitude of about 1,401m, Bhaktapur covers area of 4 square miles. The city lies about 14 kilometers east of Kathmandu and can be reached by public transport and other means of vehicles. Shaped like a conch-shell, Bhaktapur means the city of devotees . It is the third major town of the valley and in many ways the most mediaeval. Pottery and weaving are it's ancient industries. Bhaktapur's Durbar Square is much larger and more spacious than Kathmandu 's and much less crowded with temples than Patan's. Bhaktapur's Royal Palace was founded by Yaksha Malla and added to by successive Kings. Unfortunately the palace suffered great damage in the 1934 earthquake and its subsequent reconstruction did not match its original artistry. Places to see in Bhaktapur:
Bhaktapur Durbar Square:Bhaktapur durbar square is one of the seven UNESCO world heritage sites located in the Kathmandu valley.the spectacular square, the capital of the Malla Kingdom till 1769, is an open museum in itself. Victorian illustrations show that it was once packed with monasteries, temples and artistic buildings, almost one third of which were destroyed by the desasterous earthquake of 1934. The square however still holds mesmerizing palaces, pagodas, shikhara-style temples as well as Buddhist monasteries exclusively architectured. It is a conglomeration of pagoda and Shikhar style temples grouped around a fifty-five-window palace of brick and wood. The square is one of the most charming architectural showpieces of the Valley as it highlights the ancient arts of Nepal . The golden effigies of kings perched on the top of stone monoliths, the guardian deities looking out from their sanctuaries, the wood carvings in every place-stratum, lintels, uprights, tympanums, gateways and windows, all seem to form a well orchestrated symphony. The square contains many temples and other architectural ones like the Lion Gate, the Statue of King Bhupatindra Malla, the picture Gallery, the golden Gate, the palace 55 windows, the Batsala temple and the Bell of Barking dogs, etc. The statue of the king Bhupatindra Malla in the act of worship is placed on a column facing the palace. Of the many statues available in Nepal this is considered to be the most magnificent and glorious . The Palace of 55 Windows: It was built in the seventeenth century by King Bhupatindra Malla. Among the brick walls with their gracious setting and sculptural design, is a balcony of 55 windows. This balcony is a masterpieace of wood carving. The Stone Temple of Batsala Devi : which is also located in the Durbar square is full of intricate carvings. This temple also sets a beautiful example of Shikhara style of architecture in Nepal . There is a bronze bell on the terrace of the temple which is also known as the "bell of barking dogs". This colossal bell, placed in 1737 A.D. was used to sound curfew during that time.
The Golden Gate : It is the entrance to the main countyard of the Palace of 55 windows. Built King Ranjit Malla, the Gate is one of the most beautiful and richly carved specimens of its kind in the entire world. This gate is embellished with deities and monsters of marvellous intricacy.
Taumadhi square: Taumadhi Square , just a half minute walk from the Durbar square is the square that divides the ancient town into the upper and lower halves. The biggest festival of the town – Bisket Jatra, scheduled every year in April – starts from this very square. The square is dominated by many mesmerizing temples and other medieval architecture such as:
Nyatapola Temple : The Nyatapola temple most dominantly lying in the south face of the square, named after its physical structure (five tiers of roof), is the tallest temple in the valley and certainly on of Nepal's most stupendous monuments. The timple founded by king Bhupatindra Malla in 1702 A.D. is dedicated to Goddess Siddhi Laxmi – the most powerful female force. On each of the terraces squat a pair of figures; two famous wrestlers, two elephants, two lions, two griffins and Baghini and Singini the tiger and the lion goddesses. This is one of the tallest pagodas and is famous for its massive structureand subtle workmanship
Bhairav Temple : The huge pagoda style temple erected at the eastside of the square is dedicated to Bhairav – the ferocious form of lord Shiva, built by Jagat Jyoti Malla in 1614 AD. This temple was first built as a one-storey pagoda but later changed into a three-storey temple in 1718 A.D. by king Bhupatindra Malla. Bhairav – the central image of the temple is a head without body. According to the legend, Vishvanath in other words a name given to Shiva in the holy city Kashi once visited Bhaktapur to observe the Bisket Jatra.
Teel Mahadev Narayan Temple : South from Nyatapola, across the Taumadhi square an alley beneath a house leads to the lord Vishnu's ancient shrine of Teel Mahadev Narayan. Although the place was in use since 1080 A.D. the icons were believed to place inside the temple only in 1170 A.D. A disc, lotus, conch shell and a mace – four emblems of lord Vishnu are placed on pillars to the sides of the entrance. Dattatraya Square : Like the other Squares, Dattatraya Square is another open museum that contains innumerable monumental masterpieces of woodcarvings. The square originally known as “Tachupal” verbally meaning the ‘grand rest house' – alone consists seven ‘math's, among a dozen existing in Bhaktapur. The major attractions of the Square are as follows:
Dattatraya Temple : Built in 1427 A.D. by king Yakshya Malla and his son Raja Malla is the only temple in Nepal that is dedicated to the God Dattatraya – the combined incarnation of the three supreme Gods of Hinduism; Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Near this temple is a monastery with exquisitely carved peacock windows.Pujari Math ( Wood Carving Museum ): It is the best and the most richly architectured among all the maths. It was built by King Yakshya Malla in the 15 th century and was used for the storage of donations and contributions until late 20 th century. Until a few years back an annual caravan of Tibetan Lamas used to bring tributes to the monastery. It has a splendid collection of antique carvings. A set of 14 roof struts, image of Visundhara (1 st century), tantric images of Vishnu Vishwarupa with 30 arms and 17 faces and a mouth in its Bhairav (17 th century), Pujadevi (15 th century) etc. are a few to mention here.
Bhimsen Temple : To the west to the Dattatraya temple, across the square stands a double storied rectangular pagoda styled temple dedicated to Lord Bhimsen built in 1605 A.D. Lord Bhimsen is considered to be as strong as thousand elephant. Pottery Square: Bhaktapur has two famous pottery squares, one is located at Talaco towards the Durbar Square and another one located at Suryamadhi, to the east of the Dattatraya square. Many potters can seen working on their traditional wheels and thousands of finished and seni-finished clay products lie about in beautiful rows under the sun.
Museums in Bhaktapur: The major specialized museums in Bhaktapur are as follows:
The National Art Gallery : This gallery located at Durbar Square , has a magnificent collection of ancient thanka paintings and various classic and medieval masterpieces belonging to Hindu and Buddhist schools depicting Tantrism of various periods and descriptions in wood, stone and metal.
The Wood Carving Museum : The Wood Carving museum is housed in a 19 th century building, known as the Pujari Math specially built for the priests of those periods. The ‘Math' itself is elegant in its architecture with enumerable intricately carved wooden doors and windows including the famous Peacock window.
The Bronze & Brass Museum : Right opposite to the Wood Carving Museum , in specify name ‘Math' the Bronze & Brass Museum displays heterogeneous ceremonial and household metal ware. The collection of objects such as jars, water vessels, cooking pots, oil pots etc which are used in the ancient and medieval periods.
Surya Vinayak: Situated in a beautiful surrounding of Bhadgaon, the temple of Ganesh is placed in a Sylvan setting to catch the first rays of the rising sun. It is a good picnic spot flanked by many attractive landscapes.
Changu Narayan: Narayan, or Vishnu, is the preserver of creation to Hindus. His temple near Changu village is often described as the most ancient temple in the Kathmandu Valley . A fifth century stone inscription, the oldest discovered in Nepal , is located in the temple compound and it tells of the victorious King Mandev. The temple now covers sixteen hundred years of Nepalese art history. The temple, built around the third century, is decorated by some of the best samples of stone, wood, and metal craft in the Valley. Vishnu as Narsingha disemboweling a demon is particularly stunning. The western bronze doors sparkle in the evening sunlight, dragons decorate the bells, and handsome devas stare from the walls. Garuda, half man and half bird, is the steed of Vishnu, and his life-sized statue kneels before the temple. The favorite of many tourists is the statue of Vishnu sitting astride his steed.
Nagarkot (Windy Hill) Perched on a ridge on the northeastern rim of the Kathmandu valley, at an elevation of 2175 m, this hill station is most popular, comfort and quite among Kathmandu sites. It is at a distance of 32 km from Kathmandu . Several factors have contributed to its popularity – easy accessibility, crisp mountain air, pristine and tranquil atmosphere, and the 360-degree view of the Himalayas . The most scenic spot close to the valley the village has managed to force its way into the travel section of Time magazine. Breathtaking sunrise and splendid evenings make a trip to Nagarkot most rewarding and refreshing. Five of the world's 10 tallest mountain can be seen from here which are Everest (8848m), Lhotse (8516m), Cho Oyu (8201m), Makalu (8463m), and Manasalu (8163m).
Places outside Kathmandu There are many beautiful and interesting places to visit outside the Kathmandu Valley- places of historical importance of noted for natural beauty. Most of them can be easily reached from kathmandu by road or by air.
Pokhara Pokhara Valley is one of the most picturesque spot of Nepal . Pokhara stands at 884 meters above sea level, about 700 meters lower than Kathmandu . Its lovely lakes such as Fewa, Begnas and Rupa as well as Barahi Temple , Davy's fall, Mahendra Gupha (Cave) etc enhances the beauty of the valley. Situated 200 km west of Kathmandu , Pokhara is connected by air as well or by tourist luxuries bus from Kathmandu . Pokhara offers the magnificent views of Dhaulagiri , Manaslu, Machhapuchhre, 5 peaks of Annapurna and many others. Pokhara's numerous lakes, known as "Tal" in Nepali offer fishing, boating and swimming. Pokhara is gateway to go to several trekking destination in the country. Now a day Pokhara is a fashionable and holiday destination especially for the tourists where there are economical to the most luxurious hotels to welcome the visitors. In the Kathmandu Valley the high temples are all around you, in the Pokhara Valley it is the mountains. Lumbini Lumbini (306Km. -east); this World Heritage Site is not only a place of pilgrimage but also an international tourist attraction where Lord Buddha was born, who ultimately got enlightenment and preached his message to the world. This nativity site was identified by Indian Emperor Ashoka's commemorative pillar. The main attraction at the Lumbini remains the Sacred Garden that is spread over 8 sq. km, the Mayadevi Temple , Ashoka Pillar, sacred pond, China Temple etc. The sacred Garden possesses all the treasures of the historic area. The Mayadevi temple is the main attraction for pilgrims and archaeologists alike. Here we find a bas relief of Mayadevi, the Buddha's mother giving birth to him. Standing west to the Mayadevi shrine is the oldest monument of Nepal ; the Ashoka's pillar. Emperor Ashoka built the pillar in 249 BC to commemorate his pilgrimage to the sacred site. To the south of the pillar, we fine the sacred pond, Puskarni, where Queen Mayadevi had taken a bath just before giving birth to the Buddha. Today the holy site is being developed as the supreme Buddhist pilgrimage and a symbol of world peace. The shrines and monasteries built by different countries and in different times reflect the architectural traditions of the respective countries, and thus giving Lumbini an international feel with a message of universal friendship and brotherhood. About 30km east of Lumbini is the village of Tilaurakot , which is believed to have been the location of the Kapilvastu royal palace where the Buddha grew up as the Shakya dynasty prince, until he renounced it at the age of 29 in search of enlightenment. A tour to this destination will bring emancipation in one's life, which is so pure, peace and prosperous to those who seek salvation from the filthy activities practiced in the world. There are other places of interest too nearby as Kapilbastu. It is accessible by air from Kathmandu to Bhairahwa. From Kathmandu it takes about eight hours by bus or car. There are also three museums in Lumbini The Lumbini Museum , located in the Cultural Zone, contains Mauryan and Kushana coins, religious manuscripts, terra-cotta fragments, and stone and metal sculptures. It also possesses an extensive collection of stamps from various countries depicting Lumbini and the Buddha. Kapilvastu Museum is situated 27 km west of Lumbini in the village of Tilaurakot . The museum holds coins, pottery and toys dating between the seventh century BC and fourth century AD. The museum also has good collection of jewelry and other ornaments of that period. Lumbini International Research Institute (LIRI), located opposite to the Lumbini Museum , provides research facilities for the study of Buddhism and religion in general. Run jointly by the Lumbini Development Trust (LDT) and the Reiyukai of Japan, LIRI contains some 12,000 books on religion, philosophy, art and architecture. Some of the important sites around Lumbini: Kapilvastu: Located some 27 kilometers west of Lumbini lies the ruins of the historic town of Kapilvastu , which is believed to the capital of Shakya Kingdom where Lord Buddha was brought up till he was 13. Kapilvastu has been identified with Tilaurakot by archaeologist. There are ruins and mounds of old stupas and monasteries made of kiln-burnt bricks and clay mortar. The remains are surrounded by a moat and the wall of the city is made of bricks. A museum at Kapilvastu showcases everyday materials like ancient coins, terracotta utensils, metallic weapons and ornaments.
Arorakot: About 10 kilometers morthwest of Taulihawa is a rectangular fortitied area popularly known as Arorakot, which is believed to be the natal town of Kanakmuni Buddha . There are remains of ancient moat and the fortification made of bricks. A brick lined will is seen to the south and an elevated mound is toward the northwest. Gotihawa: About 5 kilometers southwest of Taulihawa, there is a village called Gotihawa where an Ashokan pillar is broke and lost. The lower portion is 3.5 meters high and still intact. A huge stupa is seen to the north east of the pillar. Kudan: About 2 kilometers northwest of Taulihawa on a roadside is the dilapidated village of Kudan . Niglihawa : About 8 kilometer northwest of Taulihawa is another site of archaeological importance. The place has a quadrangular pond surrounded by bushes locally known as Niglisagar. On the western bank of the pond there are two broken pieces of the Ashokan Pillar, the longer one lying flat on the ground while the shorter ones stand erect. The pillar bears two peacocks on the top. Sagarhawa : About 12 kilometers north of Taulihawa is the forest of Sagarhawa . In the midst of the forest here is a huge rectangular pond, locally known as Lumbusagar or a long pond. Devdaha: Situated at about 35 kilometers northeast of Lumbini, Devdaha is believed to be the maternal home of Prince Siddhartha. Siddhartha's wife Princess Yasodhara was also from Devdaha.
Daman Place : Daman in Nepal is a destination for all seasons and is a perfect place for Honeymoon Couples, or any other visitors with short stay in Nepal , Family Holidays, Meditation, Seminars and place to unwind or undertake more Adventurous Outdoor Activities. Location: 80 KM South West of Kathmandu on the Tribhuwan Raj Path (the original Highway to the Nearest Indian Border Town, Raxaul), and is exactly half- way to Chitwan National Park from Kathmandu . Elevation: 2500m (8400ft) from the sea level.
Access: Maximum 3 hrs by Care/Minibus from Kathmandu; 07 minutes by Helicopter; 3.5 hrs from Chitwan National Park; 7 hrs from Pokhara; only 100 KM from the Indian Border town of Raxaul (4 hrs from Raxaul Indian Border Town). Features & Facilities: On clear days views of 400 KM range of Himalayas Panorama including Mt. Everest can be seen just standing on one spot; 8 out of the 10 Highest Mountains. Hiking to a Buddhist Monastery & Rikheshwor Mahadevsthan or surrounding Tamang villages. Pony Trek, Mountain Biking, Sunset Walk, Bird Watching & Fishing in near by Indra Sarovar Lake .
Flora & Fauna: Lush Pine & Oak Forest; varieties of Ferns and Herb, Primal, Danphe and Rhododendron (national flower) abound in Spring; Daman is famous for its countless varieties of Wild Orchids; Colorful and varied bird-life abounds; Deer can be seen around the resort compound sometimes.
Climate & Clothing: Autumn (Sep-Nov): Clearest skies for Mountain Viewing; warm days, cool nights. Winter (Dec-Feb): Clear skies by day, a million stars by night; cool crispy days, cold night with the possibilities of occasional snow. Spring (Mar-May): Blue skies, a blaze of color in the forest; the perfect temperature. Monsoon (Jun-Aug): Rains give welcome relief from the low land heat but do not hamper outdoor activities for long; lush and verdant forests and valleys as far as the eye can see.
Dhulikhel Popular as a Himalayan viewpoint this small town is 30 km from the capital. Located on the Arniko highway that connects Nepal and Tibet , the small town still retains its ancient grandeur - age-old customs, temples and houses. The Newar town of Dhulikhel offers a traditional atmosphere along with spectacular views. A few minutes from Dhulikhel are the ancient villages of Panauti and Namo Buddha, which have their own stories to tell. Once an important link in the ancient trade route to Tibet , Dhulikhel has a glorious past, which can be seen in the lovely buildings and intricate woodcarvings in the shop-lined streets and temples. Pleasant climate is big attraction at Dhulikhel. Kakani Kakani is another good location for viewing the mountain scenery. Only two hours north-west of Kathmandu , one can see the mountain landscape of central Nepal , a vast collection of majestic peaks stretching from Ganesh Himal to the Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges. There is an unusually perfect blending of the imposing mountain scenery with the more sylvan environment of the lower valleys. Rhododendrons growing wild on the mountain slopes begin to bloom in late winter and stay in bloom for several months, giving the village even more charm.
Panauti: It is a thriving Newari village with beautiful temples and interesting old houses. Located between Punyamati and Rosikhola about 34km south east of Kathmandu . It derives its name from Punyamati River , also known as Punyamata by the local people. It is an interesting spot, as the people tend to believe that there is a huge rock all the way to Godavari from Panauti. They take it as a Naga, the serpent king capable of protecting them against earthquake of any richer scale in 1934. Once you are in Panauti, you will discover that the whole area is dotted with innumerable gods and goddesses rather like the constellation of stars in the universe.Namo Buddha: Namo Buddha or Namura Stupa, which is highly revered by both Nepalese and Tibetan Buddhists. This is situated on a hill above Panauti. It requires an easy drive or good walk to get here. There is an amazing legends related to the Buddha, which is commemorated by an ancient stones slab and a stupa with the al-seeing eyes. From here, one can have incredible views to the Himalayan to north. A 7th century Chinese Buddhists pilgrim was told a similar story in Mongolia when he visited pilgrimage place, which seems to show the story was going the rounds of the tellers. It is said that Buddha in one of his previous lives was a prince and while game hunting with his friends, he found some tiger cubs whose mother was starving and unable to feed them. The prince cut some flesh from his body and fed the starving tigress and her cubs. The local from Panauti claimed him as their prince and say because of this good deed he became the Buddha in a later life. Tansen Located at an altitude of 1343m above the sea-level, Tansen is the most popular summer resort in western Nepal because of its position and climate. It has the most extensive views of the country's chief attraction, the great Himalayan ranges from Gaurishanker in the northeast to Dhaulagiri in the west. It takes just seven-hours by drive from Pokhara to get Tansen.
Palanchowk Bhagawati It is a 42km, one-hour drive from Kathmandu to Palanchowk on the Arniko highway. This noted historic temple of goddess Kali is situated at a hilltop some 7km north of Panchkhal. One can really enjoy the panoramic view of the landscape from this spot. This temple is said to have been constructed during the region of King Mandev. The temple houses a three feet high idol of goddess Kali artistically carved in a black stone, which is one of the best examples of such intricate workmanship. Gosainkunda : One of the most famous religious places of pilgrimage of Nepal is Gosainkunda lake, situated at an altitude of about 4360 m. The best approach to Gosainkunda is through Dhunche, 132 kilometres north east of kathmandu. Dhunche is linked with Kathmandu by a motorable road. Surrounded by high mountains on the north and the south, the Lake is grand and picturesque. There are other nine famous lakes such as Saraswati, Bhairav, Sourya and Ganesh Kunda, etc. Timal Narayan : The route from Dhulikhel to Timal Narayan is ideal for a short trek. From here one can have a beautiful view of Gaurishanker Himal and other important peaks as well as Sunkoshi river. It is also very pleasant to visit the villages of the Tamang people who live in this area. Charikot: About 133 kilometers from Kathmandu , Charikot provides a spectacular mountain view of the Gaurishanker. In the eastern upper part of Dolakha township there is a famous roofless temple of Dolakha Bhimsen . Helambu: Helambu situated about 72 kilometers north-east of Kathmandu is famous for its scenic grandeur and pleasant climate. There are many Buddhist monasteries amidst a rich and enchanting landscape. Sundarijal is the starting point to trek to Helambu which is mere 11 kilometers away from Kathmandu .
Gorkha: Gorkha is the birth place of King Prithvi Narayan Shah- the Great, the founder of modern Nepal . Situated on a hill overlooking the snowy peaks of the Himalayas , there is a beautiful old palace known as Gorkha Durbar. There are two attractive temples of Gorakhnath and Kali inside the palace precinct. Only Hindus are allowed inside the temple of Gorakhanath . Gorkha can be reached in about six hours from Kathmandu and in about four hours from Pokhara. A side trip to Manakamana on the way to Gorkha is very enjoyable and interesting.
Muktinath: The famous temple of Lord Muktinath lies in the district of Mustang and is situated about 18 kilometers north east of Jomsom at an altitude of about 3,749 meters. The temple is situated on a high mountain range and is visited during fair weather. There are two ways to get to Muktinath from Kathmandu . Either to take a direct flight from Kathmandu via Pokhara to Jomsom and hike for a couple of hours via Kagbeni or to trek all the way from Pokhara. There is also air service from Pokhara to Jomsom. Rapti Valley (Chitwan): From Kathmandu it takes six hours to reach Chitwan. Situated 120 kilometers south-west of Kathmandu , the main attraction of Chitwan is Royal Chitwan National Park . This is one of the Nepal's largest forest regions with a wide range of wildlife- the rare great one horned rhinoceros, several species of deer, sloth bear, leopard, wild boar, fresh water dolphin, crocodile and the elusive Royal Bengal Tiger. The diverse ecology is home to around 600 plant species, 50 mammals, and 49 amphibians and reptiles. Some of these flora and fauna are endangered.
Namche Bazaar: The name of Namche Bazaar is generally associated with that of Sagarmatha ( Mt. Everest ), the highest peak in the world. It is the entrance to the Everest region. Situated on the lap of Khumbu Himal range, Namche Bazaar is about 241 km. from Kathmandu and the distance is generally covered within 15 days by trekking. This place is the home of the legendary Sherpas. One can fly from Kathmandu to Lukla and Syangboche in the Everest region. Accommodations are available at Lukla, Namche bazaar, Thyangboche, Debuche, Periche, Pangboche, Lobuche and Gorakhshep respectively.
Janakpur : A great religious place, Janakpur is famous as the birthplace of Sita, the consort of Lord Rama. There is an artistic marble temple of Sita (Janaki), popoularly known as Naulakha Mandir. Religous festivals, pilgrimages, trade fairs and other festivities are held here on Bivaha Panchami and Ram Navami days. Janakpur is also linked with Kathmandu by air and road. Biratnagar: The second largest city of Nepal Biratnagar is situated in the Koshi Zone. The city has some of the largest industrial undertakings in the country. There are a couple of pilgrimage spots in Dharan and Barahachhetra nearby the city. Biratnager is linked with Kathmandu by air and road.
Barahachhetra : A few kilometers from the main city of Biratnagar , Barahachhetra, the holy place of Hindu pilgrimage, lies at the confluence of the two rivers the Saptakoshi and Kokaha. There is the temple of Lord Baraha , the boar incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Historians have traced the existence of this image from the twelth century. Hile: It is situated about 13 kilometers north of Dhankuta Bazaar. The panorama of the major peaks of the eastern Himalayas including Sagarmatha (Mt.Everest) Makalu , Lhotse and Kumbhakarna.
Antu Danda: It is situated at an altitude of 1,677 m. in the llam district and is famous for its unique views of Everest and Kanchenjunga . It is the best place for viewings sunrise and sunset. There is a motorable road from llam to chhipitar.

Royal Chitwan National Park

2009-04-03T00:23:00.001+07:00

Elephant Safari Nepal's first and most famous national park is situated in the Chitwan Doon or the lowlands of the Inner Terai. Covering an area of 932 sq km. the park includes hilly areas of the Siwalik Range covered by deciduous sal forest. One fifth of the park is made up of the floodplains of the Narayani, Rapti, and the Reu Rivers and is covered by dense tall elephant grass interspersed with riverine forests of silk cotton (kapok), acacia and sisam trees.This ecologically diverse area is the lastremaining home in Nepal for more than 300 of the endangered Asian one-horned rhinoceros and harbours one of the largest populations of the elusive and rare Royal Bengal tiger. Besides rhino and tiger, Chitwan also supports a great variety of flora and fauna. There are four species of deer, including the spotted chittal, leopard, sloth bear, wild boar, rhesus monkey, grey langur monkey, wild dog, small wild cats, the white stockinged gaur (the world's largest wild cattle) and many other smaller animals. The swampy areas and numerous oxbow lakes of Chitwan provide a home for marsh crocodiles. In a stretch of the Narayani river is found one of the few remaining populations of the rare and endangered fish-only eating gharial, or Gangetic crocodile. Here also is found one of the world's four species of freshwater dolphins.For the ornithologist and the amateur bird-watcher the park offers excellent possibilities with more than 450 species recorded. Some of the resident specialities are several species of woodpeckers, hornbills, Bengal florican, and red-headed trogons. Winter birds such as waterfowl, Brahminy duck, pintails and bareheaded geese, amongst many other cold weather visitors are drawn by the sanctuary of the park's rivers. In the summer the forest is alive with nesting migrants such as the fabulous paradise flycatcher, the Indian pitta and parakeets.

Access:Chitwan is easily accessible from Kathmandu, being well connected by a national highway to Bharatpur and to Sauraha. There are daily fights from October through May to Meghauli airstrip just outside the park boundary. Another exciting alternative is a two to three day raft trip down the Trishuli river to Narayanghat or directly into the western edge of the park.Visitors can stay in one of the several lodges and camps inside or outside the park. Visitors can actively participate in exciting stalks through the forest looking for animals signs. One unique Chitwan experience is elephant back safaris in search of the one-horned rhinoceros, leopard, deer, bear, monkey and crocodile. Few visitors can ever forget the excitement of crashing through 20 feet high elephant grass and sightseeing wildlife. Apart from elephant safaris, the traveller will be happily occupied for several days with nature walks, canoe rides down the park rivers, and land-over drives through the forest.

The Thousand Names Of Lord Siva

2009-04-03T00:18:00.001+07:00

Following are the thousand names of Siva according to the Sivapurana.

Siva, Hara, Mrida, Rudra, Pushkara, Pushpalochana, Arthigamya, Sadachara, Sharva, Shambhu, Maheshvara, Chandrapida, Chandramouli, Vishva, Vishvamareshvara, Vedantasarasandoha, Kapali, Nilalohita, Dhyanadhara, Aparicchedya, Gauribharata, Ganeshvara, Ashtamurti, Vishvamurti, Trivargasvargasadhana, Jnanagamya, Dridaprajna, Devadeva, Trilochana, Vamadeva, Mahadeva, Patu, Parivrida, Drida, Vishvarupa, Virupaksha, Vagisha, Shuchisattama, Sarvapramanasamvadi, Vrishanka, Vrishavahana, Isha, Pinaki, Khatvanga, Chitravesha, Chirantana, Tamohara, Mahayogi, Gupta, Brahma, Dhurjati, Kalakala, Krittivasah, Subhaga, Pranavatmaka, Unnadhra, Purusha, Jushya, Durvasa, Purashasana, Divyayudha, Skandaguru, Parameshthi, Paratpara, Anadimadhyanidhana, Girisha, Girijadhava, Kuverabandhu, Shrikantha, Lokavarnottama, Mridu, Samadhivedya, Kodandi, Nilakantha, Parashvadhi, Vishalaksha, Mrigavyadha, Suresha, Suryatapana, Dharmadhama, Kshamakshetra, Bhagavana, Bhaganetrabhida, Ugra, Pashupati, Tarkshya, Priyabhakta, Parantapa, Datta, Dayakara, Daksha, Karmandi, Kamashasana, Shmashananilaya, Suksha, Shmashanastha, Maheshvara, Lokakarta, Mrigapati, Mahakarta, Mahaushadhi, Uttara, Gopati, Gopta, Jnanagamya, Puratana, Niti, Suniti, Shuddhatma, Soma, Somarata, Sukhi, Somapa, Amritapa, Sunya, Mahatejah, Mahadyuti, Tejomaya, Amritamaya, Annamaya, Sudhapati, Ajatashatru, Aloka, Sambhavya, Havyavahana, Lokakara, Vedakara, Sutrakara, Sanatana, Maharishi, Kapilacharya, Vishvadipti, Vilochana, Pinakapani, Bhudeva, Svastida, Svastikrita, Sudhi, Dhatridhama, Dhamakara, Sarvaga, Sarvagochara, Brahmasrika, Vishvasrika, Sarga, Karnikara, Priya, Kavi, Shakha, Vishakha, Goshakha, Siva, Bhishaka, Anuttama, Gangaplavodaka, Bhavya, Pushkala, Sthapati, Sthira, Vijitatma, Vishayatma, Bhutavahana, Sarathi, Sagana, Ganakaya, Sukirti, Chinnasamshaya, Kamadeva, Kamapala, Bhasmoddhulita-vigraha, Bhasmapriya, Bhasmashayi, Kami, Kanta, Kritagama, Samavarta, Nivritatma, Dharmapunja, Sadashiva, Akalmasha, Chaturvahu, Durvasa, Durasada, Durlabha, Durgama, Durga, Sarvayudhavisharada, Adhyatmayoganilaya, Sutantu, Tantuvardhana, Shubhanga, Lokasaranga, Jagadisha, Janardana, Bhasmashuddhikara, Meru, Ojasvi, Shuddhavigraha, Asadhya, Sadhusadhya, Bhrityamarkatarupadhrika, Hiranyareta, Purana, Ripujivahara, Bala, Mahahrada, Mahagarta, Vyali, Siddhavrindaravandita, Vyaghracharmambara, Mahabhuta, Mahanidhi, Amritasha, Amritavapu, Panchajanya, Prabhanjana, Panchavimshatitattvastha, Parijata, Paravara, Sulabha, Suvrata, Shura, Brahmavedanidhi, Nidhi, Varnashramaguru, Varni, Shatrujita, Shatrutapana, Ashrama, Kshapana, Kshama, Jnanavana, Achaleshvara, Pramanabhuta, Durjneya, Suparna, Vayuvahana, Dhanurdhara, Dhanurveda, Gunarishi, Gunakara, Satyasatyapara, Dina, Dharmaga, Ananda, Dharmasadhana, Anantadrishti, Danda, Damayita, Dama, Abhivadya, Mahamaya, Vishvakarma, Visharada, Vitaraga, Vinitatma, Tapasvi, Bhutabhavana, Unmattavesha, Pracchanna, Jitakama, Ajitapriya, Kalyanaprakriti, Kalpa, Sarvalokaprajapati, Tarasvi, Tavaka, Dhimana, Pradhanaprabhu, Avyaya, Lokapala, Antarhitatma, Kalpadi, Kamalakshana, Vedashastrarthatattvajna, Aniyama, Niyatashraya, Chandra, Surya, Shani, Ketu, Varanga, Vidrumacchavi, Bhaktivashya, Anagha, Parabrahmamrigavanarpana, Adri, Adryalaya, Kanta, Paramatma, Jagadguru, Sarvakarmalaya, Tushta, Mangalya, Mangalavrita, Mahatapa, Drighatapa, Sthavishtha, Sthavira, Dhruva, Aha, Samvatsara, Vyapti, Pramana, Paramatapa, Samvatsarakara, Mantrapratyayakara, Sarvadarshana, Aja, Sarveshvara, Siddha, Mahareta, Mahabala, Yogi, Yogya, Siddhi, Mahateja, Sarvadi, Agraha, Vasu, Vasumana, Satya, Sarvapapahara, Sukirti, Shobhana, Shrimana, Avanmanasagochara, Amritashashvata, Shanta, Vanahasta, Pratapavana, Kamandalundhara, Dhanvi, Vedanga, Vedavita, Muni, Bhrajishnu, Bhojana, Bhokta, Lokanatha, Duradhara, Atindriya, Mahamaya, Sarvavasa, Chatushpatha, Kalayogi, Mahanada, Mahatsaha, Mahabala, Mahabuddhi, Mahavirya, Bhutachari, Purandara, Nishachara, Pretachari, Mahashakti, Mahadyuti, Ahirdeshyavapu, Shrimana, Sarvacharyamanogati, Vahushruta, Niyatatma, Dhruva, Adhruva, Sarvashaska, Ojastejodyutidhara, Nartaka, Nrityapriya, Nrityanitya, Prakashatma, Prakashaka, Spashtakshara, Budha, Mantra, Samana, Sarasamplava, Yugadikrida, Yugavarta, Gambhira, Vrishavahana, Ishta, Vishishta, Shishteshta, Shalabha, Sharabha, Dhanu, Tirtharupa, Tirthanama, Tirthadrishya, Stuta, Arthada, Apamnidhi, Adhishthana, Vijaya, Jayakalavita, Pratishthita, Pramanajna, Hiranyakavacha, Hari, Vimlochana, Suragana, Vidyesha, Vindusamshraya, Balarupa, Vikarta, Balaunmatta, Gahana, Guha, Karana, Karta, Sarvabandhavimochana, Vyavasaya, Vyavasthana, Sthanada, Jagadadija, Garuda, Lalita, Abheda, Bhavatmatmasamsthita, Vireshvara, Virabhadra, Virasanavidhi, Virata, Virachudamani, Vetta, Tivrananda, Nadidhara, Ajnadhara, Trishuli, Shipivishta, Sivalaya, Balakhilya, Mahachapa, Tigmamshu, Badhira, Khaga, Adhirama, Susharana, Subrahmanya, Sudhapati, Maghavana, Kushika, Gaumana, Virama, Sarvasadhana, Lalataksha, Vishvadeha, Sara, Samsarachakrabhrita, Amoghadanda, Madhyastha, Hiranya, Brahmavarchasi, Paramartha, Para, Mayi, Shambara, Vyaghralochana, Ruchi, Virinchi, Svarbandhu, Vachaspati, Aharpati, Ravi, Virochana, Skanda, Shasta, Vaivasvata, Yama, Yukti, Unnatakirti, Sanuraga, Paranjaya, Kailashadhipati, Kanta, Savita, Ravilochana, Vidvattama, Vitabhaya, Vishvabharata, Anivarita, Nitya, Niyatakalyana, Punyashravanakirtana, Durashrava, Vishvasaha, Dhyeya, Duhsvapnanashana, Uttarana, Dushkritiha, Vijneya, Duhsaha, Bhava, Anadi, Bhurbhuvakshi, Kiriti, Ruchirangada, Janana, Janajanmadi, Pritimana, Nitimana, Dhava, Vasishtha, Kashyapa, Bhanu, Bhima, Bhimaparakrama, Pranava, Satpatchachara, Mahakasha, Mahaghana, Janmadhipa, Mahadeva, Sakalagamaparaga, Tattva, Tattavit, Ekatma, Vibhu, Vishvavibhushana, Rishi, Brahmana, Aishvaryajanmamrityujaratiga, Panchayajnasamutpatti, Vishvesha, Vimalodaya, Atmayoni, Anadyanta, Vatsala, Bhaktalokadhrika, Gayatrivallabha, Pramshu, Vishvavasa, Prabhakara, Shishu, Girirata, Samrata, Sushena, Surashatruha, Amogha, Arishtanemi, Kumuda, Vigatajvara, Svayamjyoti, Tanujyoti, Achanchala, Atmajyoti, Pingala, Kapilashmashru, Bhalanetra, Trayitanu, Jnanaskandamahaniti, Vishvutpatti, Upaplava, Bhaga, Vivasvana, Aditya, Yogapara, Divaspati, Kalyanagunanama, Papaha, Punyadarshana, Udarakirti, Udyogi, Sadyogi, Sadasanmaya, Nakshatramali, Nakesha, Svadhishthanapadashraya, Pavitra, Papahari, Manipura, Nabhogati, Hrit, Pundarikasina, Shatru, Shranta, Vrishakapi, Ushna, Grihapati, Krishna, Paramartha, Anarthanashana, Adharmashatru, Ajneya, Purohita, Purushrita, Brahmagarbha, Vrihadgarbha, Dharmadhenu, Dhanagama, Jagaddhitaishi, Sugata, Kumara, Kushalagama, Hiranyavarna, Jyotishmana, Nanabhutarata, Dhvani, Araga, Niyamadhyaksha, Vishvamitra, Dhaneshvara, Brahmajyoti, Vasudhama, Mahajyotianuttama, Matamaha, Matarishva, Nabhasvana, Nagaharadhrika, Pulastya, Pulaha, Agastya, Jatukarnya, Parashara, Niravarananirvara, Vairanchya, Vishtarashrava, Atmabhu, Aniruddha, Atri, Jnanamurti, Mahayasha, Lokaviragrani, Vira, Chanda, Satyaparakrama, Vyalakalpa, Mahakalpa, Kalpavriksha, Kaladhara, Alankarishnu, Achala, Ruchishnu, Vikramonnata, Ayuhshabdapati, Vegi, Plavana, Shikhisarathi, Asamsrishta, Atithi, Shatrupreamathi, Padapashana, Vasushrava, Pratapa, Havyavaha, Vishvabhojana, Japaya, Jaradishamana, Lohitatma, Tanunapata, Vrihadashva, Nabhoyoni, Supratika, Tamasraha, Nidagha, Tapana, Megha, Svaksha, Parapuranjaya, Sukhanila, Sunishpanna, Surabhi, Shishiratmaka, Vasanta, Madhava, Grishma, Nabhasya, Vijavahana, Angira, Guru, Atreya, Vimala, Vishvavahana, Pavana, Sumati, Vidvana, Travidya, Naravahana, Manobuddhi, Ahamkara, Kshetrajna, Kshetrapalaka, Jamadagni, Balanidhi, Vigala, Vishvagalava, Aghora, Anuttara, Yajna, Shreya, Nihshreyahpatha, Shaila, Gaganakundabha, Danavari, Arindama, Rajanijanaka, Charuvishaiya, Lokakalpadhrika, Chaturveda, Chaturbhava, Chatura, Chaturapriya, Amlaya, Samamlaya, Tirthavedashivalaya, Vahurupa, Maharupa, Sarvarupa, Charachara, Nyayanirmayaka, Nyayi, Nyayagamya, Nirantara, Sahasramariddha, Devendra, Sarvashastraprabhanjana, Munda, Virupa, Vikranta, Dandi, Danta, Gunottama, Pingalaksha, Janadhyaksha, Nilagriva, Niramaya, Sahasravahu, Sarvesha, Sharanya, Sarvalokadhrika, Padmasana, Paramjyoti, Parampara, Paramsala, Padmagarbha, Mahagarbha, Vishvagarbha, Vichakshana, Characharajna, Varada, Varesha, Mahabala, Devasuraguru, Deva, Devasuramahashraya, Devadideva, Devagni, Devagnisukhada, Prabhu, Devasureshvara, Divya, Devasuramaheshvara, Devadevamaya, Achintya, Devadevatmasambhava, Sadyoni, Asuravyaghra, Devasimha, Divakara, Vibudhagravara, Shreshtha, Sarvadevottamottama, Sivajnanarata, Shrimana, Shikhi-shriparvatapriya, Vajrahasta, Siddhakhadgi, Narasimhanipatana, Brahmachari, Lokachari, Dharmachari, Dhanadhipa, Nandi, Nandishvara, Ananta, Nagnavratadhara, Shuchi, Lingadhyaksha, Suradhyaksha, Yogadhyaksha, Yugavaha, Svadharma, Svargata, Svargakhara, Svaramayasvana, Vanadhyaksha, Vijakarta, Dharmakrita, Dharmasambhava, Dambha, Alobha, Arthavita, Shambhu, Sarvabhutamaheshvara, Shmashananilaya, Tryksha, Setu, Apratimakriti, Lokottaras-putaloka, Trymbaka, Nagabhushana, Andhakari, Makhadveshi, Vishnukandharapatana, Hinadosha, Akshayaguna, Dakshari, Pushadantabhit, Dhurjati, Khandaparashu, Sakala, Nishkala, Anagha, Akala, Sakaladhara, Pandurabha, Mrida, Nata, Purna, Purayita, Punya, Sukumara, Sulochana, Samagayapriya, Akrura, Punyakirti, Anamaya, Manojava, Tirthakara, Jatila, Jiviteshvara, Jivitantakara, Nitya, Vasureta, Vasuprada, Sadgati, Satkriti, Siddhi, Sajjati, Kalakantaka, Kaladhara, Mahakala, Bhutasatyaparayana, Lokalavanyakarta, Lokottarasukhalaya, Chandrasanjivana, Shasta, Lokaguda, Mahadhipa, Lokabandhu, Lokanatha, Kritajna, Krittibhushana, Anapaya, Akshara, Kantha, Sarvashastrabhudvara, Tejomaya, Dyutidhara, Lokagrani, Anu, Shuchismita, Prasamnyatma, Durjjeya, Duratikrama, Jyotirmaya, Jagannatha, Nirakara, Jaleshvara, Tumbavina, Mahakopa, Vishoka, Shokanashana, Trilokapa, Trilokesha, Sarvashuddhi, Adhokshaja, Avyaktalakshana, Deva, Vyaktavyakta, Vishampati, Varashila, Varaguna, Saramanadhana, Maya, Brahma, Vishnu, Prajapati, Hamsa, Hamsagati, Vaya, Vedha, Vidhata, Dhata, Srashta, Harta, Chaturmukha, Kailasashikharavasi, Sarvavasi, Sadagati, Hiranyagarbha, Druhina, Bhutapala, Bhupati, Sadyogi, Yogavit, Yogi, Varada, Brahmanapriya, Devapriya, Devanatha, Devajna, Devachintaka, Vishamaksha, Vishalaksha, Vrishada, Vrishavardhana, Nirmama, Nirahamkara, Nirmoha, Nirupadrava, Darpaha, Darpada, Dripta, Sarvabhutaparivartaka, Sahasrajit, Sahasrarchi, Prabhava, Snigddhaprakritidakshina, Bhutabhavyabhavannatha, Bhutinashana, Artha, Anartha, Mahakosha, Parakaiyaikapandita, Nishkantaka, Kritananda, Nirvyaja, Vyajamardana, Sattvavana, Sattvika, Satyakirti, Snehakritagama, Akampita, Gunagrahi, Naikatma, Naikakarmakrita, Suprita, Sumukha, Suksha, Sukara, Dakshinanila, Nandiskandhadhara, Dhurya, Prakata, Pritivardhana, Aparajita, Sarvasattva, Govinda, Adhrita, Sattvavahana, Svadhrita, Siddha, Putamurti, Yashodhana, Varahabhringadhrika, Bhringi, Balavana, Ekanayaka, Shrutiprakasha, Shrutimana, Ekabandhu, Anekakrita, Shrivatsalashivarambha, Shantabhadra, Sama, Yasha, Bhushaya, Bhushana, Bhuti, Bhutakrita, Bhutabhavana, Akampa, Bhaktikaya, Kalaha, Nilalohita, Satyavrata, Mahatyagi, Nityashantiparayana, Pararthavritti, Vibikshu, Visharada, Shubhada, Shubhakarta, Shubhanama, Shubha, Anarthita, Aguna, Sakshi, Akarta.

Step by Step: Setting Up Microsoft Windows XP

2008-10-16T08:08:00.004+07:00

Step by Step: Setting Up Microsoft Windows XP
Tip: If possible, print this document before starting Setup. Some steps might require you to shut down the computer, and it will be helpful to have a printed copy of this information.
This document will help you to install Microsoft Windows XP Professional or Windows XP Home Edition. This document also provides answers to other setup-related questions.
Click a link to go directly to that section:
Prepare for Setup
Upgrade to Windows XP
Perform a new installation of Windows XP
Transfer files and settings from another computer
Partition and format a hard drive
Perform other Setup-related tasks
Troubleshoot Setup
Create boot disks
Configure a computer to boot from CD
Set up a multiboot system
Repair or recover a system
Find a Microsoft Knowledge Base article
Additional resources
Installation overview
This release of Windows XP includes Service Pack 2 (SP2) for Windows XP. If you uninstall this release of Windows XP, SP2 is automatically uninstalled too. Your computer will be running the operating system that it was running before you installed Windows XP, or it will not be running an operating system. You cannot uninstall SP2 only.
Important
You can install Windows XP Home Edition with Service Pack 2 or Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 2 on computers that are running the following operating systems:
Microsoft Windows 98
Windows 98 Second Edition
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation
Windows Millennium Edition
Windows 2000 Professional
Windows XP Home Edition
Windows XP Professional
If you want to upgrade Microsoft Windows 95 to Windows XP Home Edition or Windows XP Professional, you must first uninstall Windows 95, and then perform a new installation.
If you are installing Windows XP on an older computer, it’s a good idea to check with your computer manufacturer to see whether a BIOS upgrade is available before you proceed.
Prepare for Setup
There are four important steps you should take before you start Setup:
Run an upgrade report – it only takes a few minutes to check system compatibility.
Disable virus protection software – if you do not do this, installation might fail.
Back up your files either by using the Backup Wizard that is built into Windows, or by using another backup program.
Decide which type of Setup you want – an upgrade or a new installation.
Doing these four steps before starting Setup can save you time in the long run.
Run an upgrade report
An upgrade report tells you how your hardware and software will work with Windows XP. The upgrade report is a quick and easy program that you can run using the Windows XP CD. Here's how:
Insert the Windows XP CD into your CD-ROM drive.
When the Welcome menu appears, click Check system compatibility.
Then click Check my system automatically.
You can also find information about your computer's devices (such as printers, scanners, and so on) at the device manufacturer's Web site, in the Windows Catalog, and on the Microsoft Hardware Compatibility List (HCL):
Text version of the HCL (for all operating systems)(https://winqual.microsoft.com/download/default.asp)
Text version of the HCL (for Windows XP only)(https://winqual.microsoft.com/download/display.asp?FileName=hcl/WinXPHCLx86.txt)
The Windows Catalog(http://www.microsoft.com/windows/catalog/)
You can get to all of the above from Windows Hardware and Driver Central (http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/hcl/default.mspx)
What do you do if something is incompatible with Windows XP? You can upgrade either the hardware or software in question, find a similar but compatible program or device, or you can remove the program or device and stop using it. To upgrade, contact the manufacturer. To find compatible programs and devices, check the Windows Catalog (http://www.microsoft.com/windows/catalog/). To remove a program, go to Control Panel and open Add or Remove Programs.
Disable virus protection (antivirus) software
Virus protection software sometimes interferes with Setup, so make sure that you disable it before you begin installing Windows XP. For instructions about how to do this, refer to the documentation for your virus protection software.
After setting up Windows XP, remember to enable the virus protection program. In some cases you will need an updated version of the software, which you might be able to download from the software manufacturer's Web site.
Back up your files
Back up any files that you want to preserve, just in case something goes awry. Depending on how many files you have, you can copy them to a floppy disk, removable drive, or CD, or to a network folder if you have a network. You can copy the files directly or use the Backup Wizard included with most versions of Windows. This wizard is located in the Accessories\System Tools folder on the Start menu.
Note: You cannot restore a backup in Windows XP that you created by using the Msbackup tool in Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows Millennium Edition. For more information about this issue, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 305381, "Cannot Restore Backups That You Create in Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows Me with the Windows XP NTBackup Tool."
Decide which type of Setup you want
There are basically three different types of Setup: an upgrade, a new installation (also known as a clean installation or a full installation), and a multiboot installation. Hint: we highly recommend the first one!
Upgrade. This is the easiest method of installing Windows XP. We recommend you use this method if you are running a previous version of Windows. When you upgrade, you replace the existing operating system with Windows XP, but your data and most user settings should not be affected. (It's always a good idea to back up your files before starting, just in case.)
You can upgrade from Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows NT Workstation 4 (Service Pack 6), or Windows 2000 Professional.
Note: Windows 2000 can only be upgraded to Windows XP Professional. See Microsoft Knowledge Base article 292607 for supported upgrade paths. Also see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 316941 for an overview of the Windows XP Setup process.
Tip: To find a Microsoft Knowledge Base article, go to Microsoft Help and Support (http://support.microsoft.com), type the article number in the Search the Knowledge Base box, and press ENTER.
New installation. Also known as a full installation or a clean installation, this method requires a little more work than an upgrade. A new installation can install Windows XP on another drive or partition without disturbing an existing installation, or you can choose to wipe out everything on your hard drive so that you "start from scratch." You should definitely back up your files before doing a new installation! As part of a new installation, you can also partition and format your hard drive. It's best to do this as part of Setup, rather than doing it in advance (as you might have done with previous versions of Windows). We'll get to that.
Multiboot installation. The hardest of all three, this method is a variation of the new installation process that lets you run more than one operating system on your computer. For example, you can have both Windows XP and Windows 98 installed. To switch from one to the other, you restart the computer and choose an operating system from a menu that appears when the computer starts. Sounds cool, but don't attempt this unless you are an advanced computer user.
Upgrade to Windows XP
Note: Before installing Windows XP, you should disable your virus protection (antivirus) software, and you might want to run the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool to test your computer's random access memory (RAM). To use the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool, follow the instructions on the Windows Memory Diagnostic (http://oca.microsoft.com/en/windiag.asp) Web site. Be sure to enable your virus protection software after installing Windows XP.
When you upgrade to Windows XP, you install Windows to the same folder where your current version of Windows is located, updating the earlier version. Here's how:
Start your computer. Also, make sure you have your product key handy.
Insert the Windows XP CD into your computer's CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive.
On the menu that appears, click Install Windows XP.
On the Welcome to Windows Setup page, click Upgrade (recommended) (if it is not already selected), and then click Next. (You should click Next on each screen from here on.)
On the License Agreement page, read the agreement, and follow the instructions to accept or reject the agreement.
On the Your Product Key page, type the 25-character product key in the appropriate boxes.
On the Get Updated Setup Files page, select the option that you want. Hint: It's a really good idea to select Yes and get the updated files, but you can only do this if you're able to connect to the Internet.
Note: Some of the problems addressed in the troubleshooting section of this document are prevented by getting the updated Setup files.
During this phase of Setup, the computer will restart several times, and you'll see screens telling you about new features in Windows XP. This part of Setup takes a while. It's a good time to go have a cup of coffee or take a break.
Finally, the computer restarts one last time and Windows XP starts.
Do not forget to enable your virus protection software after Setup is finished.
Perform a new installation of Windows XP
If your computer does not have an operating system currently installed or you have decided to install Windows from scratch, you can perform what is known as a new installation (also known as a clean installation, or a full installation). This process is more complicated and takes longer than an upgrade (about 20 steps as opposed to 9 for an upgrade). To perform an upgrade, refer to the section titled "Upgrade to Windows XP."
Note: Before installing Windows XP, you should disable you virus protection (antivirus) software, and you might want to run the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool to test your computer's random access memory (RAM). To use the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool, follow the instructions on the Windows Memory Diagnostic (http://oca.microsoft.com/en/windiag.asp) Web site. Be sure to enable your virus protection software after installing Windows XP.
CAUTION: You can choose to delete everything that currently exists on the hard drive during a new installation, so be sure to back up any data you want to keep before you begin (make sure that the backup data is not stored on the drive you are going to delete).
Here's how to perform a new installation of Windows XP:
Insert the Windows XP CD into the CD-ROM drive.
Note: Make sure the computer can boot from a CD. If it can't, then follow the procedures in the section titled "Configure a computer to boot from CD" or see the "How do I install Windows from the command prompt?" section under "Perform other Setup-related tasks."
Restart the computer.
When the message to Press any key to boot from CD… is displayed, quickly press any key (for example, the SPACEBAR). Setup begins.
Note: Pay close attention here, because it's very easy to miss this message. If your current operating system starts, you'll know that you missed the opportunity to boot from CD. Restart your computer and try again.
After Setup starts, several messages will flash across the bottom of the screen. These messages are only important under special circumstances, such as installing a particular hardware access layer (HAL), or loading a small computer system interface (SCSI) driver. Most people can ignore them. For more information about this subject, see Microsoft Knowledge Base articles 295116 and 220845.
Next, a screen appears that offers the following three options: Set up Windows XP, Repair a Windows XP installation, or Quit Setup. Press ENTER to select the first option.
The End User License Agreement appears next. Read the license agreement and follow the instructions to accept or reject the agreement. If your Windows CD is an upgrade CD, after accepting the agreement, you will be prompted to insert the CD of your previous operating system to verify that the previous version qualifies for upgrade to Windows XP.
Important! If you use a recovery CD from an original equipment manufacturer (also called an OEM), it is possible that the CD will not be accepted. If you delete the partition information or format the drive and the OEM recovery CD is not accepted as valid media, you must use the OEM recovery CD to restore your previous version of Windows. For details about restoring your system using the OEM recovery media, please contact your computer manufacturer.
If a screen appears showing an existing installation of Windows XP, press ESC to continue installing a fresh copy of Windows XP.
At the next screen, you have the option of repartitioning your drive. It's a good idea to repartition if you want to merge several smaller partitions into one large one, or if you want to create several smaller partitions so that you can set up a multiboot configuration. If you want to repartition, follow the instructions to delete existing partitions, if needed, and then select unpartitioned space and press ENTER to proceed.
CAUTION: Deleting a partition will remove all data stored on that partition. Before you continue, make sure you have backed up everything you want to keep.
Select the formatting method you would like to use, and then press ENTER. NTFS offers both enhanced formatting capabilities and security technologies. If you need to access drives or DOS files (such as from a DOS-based boot disk) using Windows Millennium Edition or earlier versions of Windows, you might need to select FAT32 instead. Select either format method (quick or slow).
Setup will format the drive, copy initial Setup files, and restart the computer.
Note: After the computer restarts, you will again receive the message Press any key to boot from CD but you should ignore it so that you do not interrupt the current installation process.
After another restart, the next part of Setup will begin.
On the Regional and Language Options page, follow the instructions to add language support or change language settings, if desired.
On the Personalize Your Software page, type your name and the name of your company or organization (if applicable).
On the Your Product Key page, type the 25-character product key that came with your copy of Windows XP.
On the Computer Name and Administrator Password page, make up a computer name (if your network administrator gave you a name to use, type that). Then make up a password for the Administrator account on your computer. Type it once, and then confirm it by typing it again.
Important: Be sure to remember the Administrator password. You'll need this password when you want to make changes to your system in the future.
On the Date and Time Settings page, make any changes that are necessary.
On the Networking Settings page, if it appears, select Typical settings (unless you plan to manually configure your networking components).
On the Workgroup or Computer Domain page, click Next. If you want to add your computer to a domain, select the second option and fill in the domain name. (If you do this, you will be prompted for a user name and password.)
Note: Connecting to a domain is only possible in Windows XP Professional, not in Windows XP Home Edition.
Next, while Setup copies files to your computer and completes a few other tasks, you'll see a series of screens that tell you about new features in Windows XP.
Finally, your computer will restart. Again, ignore the message to press any key. After Setup completes, eject the CD from the CD-ROM drive.
Do not forget to enable your virus protection software after Setup is finished.
Transfer files and settings from another computer
Did you ever wish that you could easily transfer your files and settings from an old computer to a new one? The Files and Settings Transfer Wizard available in Windows XP can assist you in doing this. This wizard helps take the pain out of upgrading to a new computer.
Here's how to use this wizard:
On your new computer:
Click Start, and then click Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
On the Welcome page of the wizard, click Next.
On the Which computer is this? page, select New computer.
On the Do you have a Windows XP CD? page, select I will use the wizard from the Windows XP CD, unless you don't have a Windows XP CD. If that is the case, you will need to make a Wizard Disk so that you can run the wizard on your old computer. Select the first option and follow the instructions to make the Wizard Disk.
Now go to your old computer (or the computer that you're transferring files and settings from).
On your old computer:
If you don't have a Windows XP CD, insert the Wizard Disk that you created into the floppy drive. Click Start, click Run, and then click Browse. Browse to your floppy drive and then double-click the MigWiz.exe file. In the Run dialog box, click OK.
If you do have a Windows XP CD, insert it into the CD-ROM drive of the computer you want to copy files and settings from and wait for the startup menu to appear. If the menu does not appear automatically, click Start, click Run, and then click Browse. Browse to your CD-ROM drive and then double-click the Setup.exe file. In the Run dialog box, click OK. Click Perform additional tasks, and then click Transfer files and settings.
On the Welcome page of the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard, click Next.
On the Which computer is this? page, select Old computer.
On the Select a transfer method page, choose a method that will work for both computers. For example, you can place the files and settings on a network drive that both computers have access to, or you can use a removable drive. Whatever method you choose, both computers must be able to use it.
On the What do you want to transfer? page, select one of the three options. Depending on the type of transfer method you choose, some options are better than others here. For instance, if you plan to transfer more than just a few files and settings, choose a method other than floppy disks (since those have the lowest storage capacity). If you decide to change your transfer method, you can always click Back.
On this page, you can also select a check box that lets you choose a custom list of files and settings to be transferred. This option is for advanced users.
At this point, you might see a message telling you to install certain programs on your new computer before continuing. This step is not required, but those programs might not work correctly without doing this.
The wizard now collects the files and settings you requested and prepares to transfer them to the new computer. Insert a disk or removable drive when prompted, if you are using one of those methods.
On the Completing the Collection Phase page, click Finish. Then go to your new computer, taking along any disk or CD you have used.
On your new computer:
Click Start, and then click Files and Settings Transfer Wizard.
On the Welcome page, click Next.
On the Which computer is this? page, select New computer.
If you placed your files and settings on a disk or CD, insert it now. On the Where are the files and settings? page, tell the wizard where to find the files and settings. The wizard transfers the files and settings to the new computer.
On the Completing the Files and Settings Transfer Wizard page, read any messages about the status of your transfer, and then click Finish.
You might see a message telling you that you need to log off before the new settings will appear on your new computer. You can just log off and log back on. There is no need to restart the computer.
That's it! The transferred files and settings should now be on your new computer.
Partition and format a hard drive
If there are no partitions on your hard drive, you will need to create a partition and format it. Alternatively, it's a good idea to repartition your hard drive if you want to merge several smaller partitions into one large one, or if you want to create several smaller partitions so that you can set up a multiboot configuration.
If you want to partition or format your hard drive, we recommend that you use the disk partitioning and formatting tools that are built into Windows XP Setup. These tools allow you to delete existing partitions and to create one or more new partitions.
IMPORTANT: If you follow these steps on a hard disk that is not empty, all of the data stored on that hard disk will be permanently deleted.
To use the disk partitioning and formatting tools in Windows XP Setup:
Insert the Windows XP CD into your CD/DVD drive (or insert the first Windows XP Setup boot disk into the floppy disk drive), and then restart the computer.
Note: To start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or from the Setup boot disk), your computer must be configured to start from the CD/DVD drive (or the floppy disk drive). In some cases, you might have to modify your computer's BIOS settings to do this. For more information, see "Configure a computer to boot from CD."
If you are starting the computer from the Windows XP CD, press a key to boot from CD when you are prompted to do so. If you are starting from the Windows XP Setup boot disks, insert each of the additional disks when prompted, and then press ENTER to continue after inserting each disk.
At the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER to continue.
On the License Agreement page, read the agreement, and then follow the instructions for accepting or rejecting the agreement.
If an existing Windows XP installation is detected, you will be prompted to repair it. Press ESC (do not repair).
All existing partitions and unpartitioned spaces are listed for each physical hard disk. Use the arrow keys to select the partition or unpartitioned space where you want to create a new partition, and then press D to delete an existing partition or press C to create a new partition using unpartitioned space.
If you press D to delete an existing partition, you must then press L (or press ENTER, and then press L if it is the System partition) to confirm that you want to delete the partition. Repeat this process for each of the existing partitions that you want to use for the new partition. When all the partitions are deleted, select the resulting unpartitioned space and press C to create a new partition.
Note: If you want to create a partition where one or more partitions already exist, you must first delete the existing partition or partitions and then create the new partition.
Type the size (in megabytes, or MB) that you want to use for the new partition, and then press ENTER, or just press ENTER to create the partition using the maximum size.
If you want to create additional partitions, repeat steps 6 and 7.
If you want to install Windows XP, use the arrow keys to select the partition you want to install it on, and then press ENTER. If you do not want to format the partition and install Windows XP, press F3 two times to quit Setup, and then do not continue with the following steps. In this case, you must use another program to format the partition.
Select the format option that you want to use for the partition, and then press ENTER. The options are:
Format the partition by using the NTFS file system (Quick)
Format the partition by using the FAT file system (Quick)
Format the partition by using the NTFS file system
Format the partition by using the FAT file system
Leave the current file system intact (no changes)
For most configurations, NTFS is a good choice for security and flexibility. If you plan to install a multiboot configuration and access data on the drive using older operating systems such as Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows Millennium Edition, however, select FAT.
When you format a volume, files are removed from the volume and the hard disk is scanned for bad sectors. The majority of the time required to format a volume is devoted to scanning the disk. If you choose the Quick format option, files are removed from the partition, but the disk is not scanned for bad sectors. You should only use this option if your hard disk has been previously formatted and you are sure that your hard disk is not damaged.
Note: During Windows XP Setup, the option to leave the current file system intact is not available if the selected partition is a new partition. For partitions up to 2 gigabytes (GB) in size, Setup uses the FAT (also known as FAT16) file system. For partitions greater than 2 GB but less than 32 GB, Setup uses the FAT32 file system. For partitions greater than 32 GB, Setup uses NTFS.
Note: If you deleted and created a new System partition but you are installing Windows XP on another partition, you will be prompted to select a file system for both the System and Boot partitions at this point.
After Setup formats the partition, follow the on-screen instructions to continue Setup. After Setup is complete, you can use the Disk Management tools in Windows XP to create or format additional partitions.
Perform other Setup-related tasks
How do I install Windows from the command prompt?
If your computer will not boot from a CD, you can still use the Windows XP Setup floppy disks to start Setup. During Setup, you will be prompted to insert the Windows XP CD. For more information, see "Create boot disks."
Otherwise, you can use a Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition Startup disk to start the computer, and then run Winnt.exe from the i386 folder of your Windows XP CD.
The Smartdrv.exe tool will speed up the process of copying files from the CD to your hard drive. To use the Smartdrv.exe tool, make sure the Smartdrv.exe file is present on the startup disk.
If you do not have Smartdrv.exe, file copying will take much longer but it can still be done successfully. Verify that the following entries exist in the following files on your startup disk; add the entries if they do not already exist:
In Autoexec.bat, add this line:
smartdrv.exe
In Config.sys, add this line:
device=himem.sys
Note: For information about modifying the Config.sys and Autoexec.bat files, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 232558.
Insert the startup disk into your computer's floppy drive, and restart the computer.
When the DOS prompt appears (it looks like this: C:>), type the following lines, pressing ENTER after each one. Substitute the drive letter of your CD-ROM drive for the letter D, if yours is different.
D:
cd \i386
winnt
When Setup begins, follow the prompts on your screen.
How do I set the default operating system (when multiple systems are installed)?
If you have more than one operating system installed, you can select the operating system that you want to use as the default:
In Windows XP, right-click My Computer, and then click Properties.
On the Advanced tab, under Startup and Recovery, click Settings.
Under System startup, in the Default operating system list, click the operating system that you want to start when you turn on or restart your computer.
Select the Time to display list of operating systems check box, and then select the number of seconds for which you want the list displayed before the default operating system starts.
Warning: The boot options file (Boot.ini) controls the number and order of operating systems on your computer. To manually edit this file, click Edit on the Startup and Recovery tab. Use caution when modifying the boot options file. Doing so incorrectly might make your computer unusable. For more information, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 289022.
How do I uninstall Windows XP?
If you need to uninstall Windows XP and return to the operating system from which you originally upgraded, follow these instructions.
Note: If you performed a new installation instead of upgrading, you cannot uninstall Windows XP. In this case, you need to perform a new installation of your previous operating system.
Important Notes:
If enough space is available, the Windows XP uninstallation files are automatically saved during the upgrade process. If space is not available, the files are not saved. If the files were not saved, you cannot use the uninstallation process that is described in this section.
Any programs that were installed prior to the Windows XP upgrade will be preserved. However, any programs that were installed after the Windows XP upgrade will not be available after you uninstall Windows XP. You might need to reinstall these programs.
To be able to successfully uninstall Windows XP SP2, you must have upgraded from Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, or Windows Millennium Edition. If you upgraded from Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows NT 4.0, or Windows 95, you cannot uninstall Windows XP SP2.
If you converted your hard disk to the NTFS file system, you cannot revert back to an operating system that is incompatible with NTFS (for example, you cannot revert back to Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition).
To uninstall Windows XP:
Restart your computer in Safe Mode. To do so, restart your computer and press F8 while Windows is starting.
Log on using the Administrator account.
Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Add or Remove Programs.
In the list of installed programs, double-click Uninstall Windows XP.
Important: If Uninstall Windows XP is not in the list of installed programs, you must manually reinstall the original operating system. If this is the case, be sure to back up all of your critical data before you proceed.
If you have upgraded to Windows XP from Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition, it might be possible to manually uninstall Windows XP if the Undo folder is still available. For more information, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 312569.
When you receive the "Are you sure you want to uninstall Windows XP and restore your previous operating system?" message, click Yes to start the Windows XP uninstallation process.
After the Windows XP uninstallation process is finished, your computer will shut down and then restart using the previously installed operating system.
How do I remove Windows XP from one computer and install it on another?
Follow the instructions above for uninstalling Windows XP. Then, use the Windows XP CD to install Windows XP on the new computer.
For more information, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 303661 and read the topic about activation failures when moving Windows XP to another computer.
How do I deal with activation problems?
If you are prompted to activate your installation of Windows XP, defer activation until you have completed planned upgrades or changes to your computer's fixed hardware and related device drivers. Otherwise, you may need to reactivate after making such changes. Fixed hardware/drivers include the first instance of devices such as video, network (excluding modems), SCSI, hard drives, CD-ROM/DVD, and system memory. USB or other removable devices (such as cameras and printers) do not affect activation.
If you uninstall Windows XP from one computer (Computer A) and then install it on a second computer (Computer B), the following can occur:
If fewer than 120 days have passed since the first installation of Windows XP on Computer A, you cannot activate Windows on Computer B over the Internet. Instead, when you are prompted to activate, you must call the phone number listed in the Activation Wizard, explain that you uninstalled and then reinstalled to a different computer, and be given a valid product key.
If it has been more than 120 days since the first installation of Windows XP on Computer A, activation on Computer B should work normally.
For more information about troubleshooting activation problems, see Microsoft Knowledge Base articles 293764, 293764, 312295, 314935, and 318702.
Troubleshoot Setup
Did you run into problems during Setup? Unfortunately, it does sometimes happen. Some problems can be solved by using the information in this section.
Important: If you have virus protection software installed on your computer, disable it. Virus protection software can cause problems during setup. Be sure to enable your virus protection software after installing Windows XP.
You can use the following troubleshooting steps if you have problems when you are upgrading to Windows XP from Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, or Windows Millennium Edition.
General troubleshooting
If you encounter problems while running Setup, exit Setup and run the Upgrade Advisor from the Windows XP CD. Here's how:
Insert the Windows XP CD into your CD-ROM drive.
When the Welcome menu appears, click Check system compatibility.
Then click Check my system automatically.
Upgrade Advisor will check for hardware and software incompatibilities. These are often the cause of Setup problems. Remove or uninstall the incompatible hardware or software, and then run Setup again.
If Upgrade Advisor does not find the problem, you can also clean boot your computer and run Setup again. Clean-boot troubleshooting is simply a way of removing variables that could cause problems.
To perform clean boot troubleshooting in Windows Millennium Edition:
Click Start, click Run, in the Open box, type msconfig and then click OK.
On the General tab, click Selective startup.
Clear all the check boxes under Selective startup.
On the Startup tab, select the *StateMgr check box (Windows Millennium Edition only), and then click OK.
When you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes.
After the computer restarts, click Start, click Run, in the Open box, type msconfig, and then click OK.
Important: Look closely at the General tab to make sure that the check boxes under Selective startup are clear. Proceed to the next step if none of the check boxes are selected. If you see a disabled or gray check box, your computer is not truly clean-booted and you might need assistance from the manufacturer of the program that is affecting Msconfig.
After you verify that your computer is clean-booted, try running Windows XP Setup again.
For more information, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 267288.
To return from a clean boot state
Click Start, click Run, in the Open box, type msconfig, and then click OK.
On the General tab, click Normal startup, and then click OK.
Click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.
To perform clean boot troubleshooting in Windows 98:
For information about performing a clean boot for troubleshooting purposes in Windows 98, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 192926.
File copy error during Setup
Suppose Setup stops when copying files, and you see a message like this:
Setup cannot copy the file . Press X to retry, Y to abort.
Here are some possible causes and solutions for this problem:
Your Windows XP CD is scratched, smudged, or dirty. Clean the CD with a soft cloth, insert it into the CD drive, and then click OK.
Your CD drive is not working properly or the CD might be vibrating too much for the laser to accurately read the data. For more information about this problem, consult your hardware documentation, or contact the CD drive manufacturer.
If you are using multiple CD drives, your computer might be trying to locate files on the wrong drive. If your hardware has a feature to disable CD drives that are not being used, disable the CD drives that you are not using.
Note: To disable a device in Windows 95, right-click My Computer, click Properties, open Device Manager, and then clear Original Configuration (Current). In Windows 98 and Windows Millennium Edition, select the Disable in this hardware profile check box in Device Manager.
If required, re-enable the device after upgrading to Windows XP. For more information, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 283658.
There is a virus on your computer. Run a virus-scanning program to check your system and identify needed repairs.
Note: If you experience problems during installation, you can use the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool to test your computer's random access memory (RAM). This tool helps determine whether installation problems are caused by failing hardware, such as RAM or the memory system of the motherboard. To use the tool, follow the instructions on the Windows Memory Diagnostic (http://oca.microsoft.com/en/windiag.asp) Web site.
For information about several more technical issues that might be causing the problem, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 310064: How to Troubleshoot Windows XP Problems During Installation.
If you can rule out all of the causes listed above, and you continue to receive the error message, copy the i386 folder from the CD drive to your local hard disk, and then try to run Setup from your hard disk. Here's how:
The Smartdrv.exe tool will speed up the process of copying files from the CD to your hard drive. To use the Smartdrv.exe tool, make sure the Smartdrv.exe file is present on the startup disk.
If you don't have Smartdrv.exe, file copying will take much longer but it can still be done successfully. Verify that the following entries exist in the following files on your startup disk; add the entries if they do not already exist:
In Autoexec.bat, add this line:
smartdrv.exe
In Config.sys, add this line:
device=himem.sys
Note: For information about modifying the Config.sys and Autoexec.bat files, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 232558.
Insert the startup disk into your computer's floppy drive, and restart the computer.
When the DOS prompt appears (it looks like this: C:>), type the following lines, pressing ENTER after each one. Substitute the drive letter of your CD-ROM drive for the letter D, if yours is different.
D:
cd \i386
winnt
When Setup begins, follow the prompts on your screen.
Note: There is no option to boot to a command prompt on the initial startup menu in Windows Millennium Edition. However, you can boot to a startup floppy disk and then type C: and press ENTER to access the hard drive, as long as the startup disk uses the same file system as the hard disk.
Your computer hangs or stops responding and displays a black screen
When you try to upgrade to Windows XP, your computer might stop responding (hang) and a black screen might be displayed. This is usually caused by hardware or software that is incompatible with Windows XP.
Note: Before beginning Setup, you should compare your system's hardware to the Hardware Compatibility List (HCL). You can also find information about each of your computer's devices (such as printers, scanners, and so on) at the device manufacturer's Web site, in the Windows Catalog:
Text version of the HCL (for all operating systems)(https://winqual.microsoft.com/download/default.asp)
Text version of the HCL (for Windows XP only)(https://winqual.microsoft.com/download/display.asp?FileName=hcl/WinXPHCLx86.txt)
The Windows Catalog(http://www.microsoft.com/windows/catalog/)
You can get to all of the above from Windows Hardware and Driver Central (http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/hcl/default.mspx)
If your computer stops responding and displays a black screen during Setup, follow these steps:
Wait at the black screen for 10 minutes to make sure that the computer does not continue with the Setup procedure. Watch the hard drive indicator to see if there is any disk activity. Setup might resolve the problem on its own.
Restart the computer to see if it stops again at the same place during Setup. Occasionally, Setup will proceed farther than the last time it stopped responding. If this occurs, restart your computer several times so that Setup will finish.
If steps 1 and 2 don't work, to revert back to Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition, restart the computer and choose the option to Cancel Windows XP Setup. If canceling Windows XP Setup is not an option when you restart your computer, see step 5.
After you revert back to Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition, uninstall all virus protection programs, uninstall all boot manager programs (such as GoBack), and then perform a clean boot of your computer.
If the upgrade fails again, there might be a hardware incompatibility issue. You can try to disable ACPI functionality. To do this, when your computer restarts, watch for an option to press F6 to install SCSI drivers. On this screen, press F7 (not F6).
If Setup continues to stop responding, disable any unnecessary hardware. Remove any USB devices, remove or disable network cards, sound cards, and serial cards, and then restart Setup.
If you continue to receive this error message, you might need to flash (update) the BIOS on the motherboard. Please refer to the manufacturer of your computer or to the motherboard Web site for information about how to flash the BIOS.
Warning: Do not attempt to flash the BIOS unless you are an advanced user. Doing this incorrectly can make your computer unusable.
If a BIOS update does not resolve the issue, or if you are unable to obtain an updated BIOS version for the computer, you might want to install Windows XP with a Standard PC Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL). To do so, press F7 (not F6) when you are prompted to press F6 after Setup restarts the computer for the first time. For more information about how to force the Standard PC HAL, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 299340: How to Force a HAL During Windows XP Setup.
You receive an error message or Stop message during Setup
If you receive one of the following error messages during Setup, refer to the appropriate Microsoft Knowledge Base article:
311562: 'An Unexpected Error (768) Occurred at Line 5118@ind:Xp\Client\Boot\Setup\Setup.c' Error Message During Windows XP Setup
311564: 'Stop 0x0000000A Irql_Not_Less_or_Equal' Error Message During Windows XP Upgrade
311442: Error Message: Setup Cannot Continue. Please Contact Microsoft Technical Support. (Error: 3E6h)
Troubleshooting other errors:
Note: If you experience problems during installation, you can use the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool to test your computer's random access memory (RAM). This tool helps determine whether installation problems are caused by failing hardware, such as RAM or the memory system of the motherboard. To use the tool, follow the instructions on the Windows Memory Diagnostic (http://oca.microsoft.com/en/windiag.asp) Web site.
Problem
Solution
A program or a device doesn't work after upgrading to Windows XP.
First, try reinstalling the program or device. If that doesn't solve the problem, check with the manufacturer for a newer version of the software or hardware that is designed to work with Windows XP. If this is an older program, search Windows Help and Support for the word "compatibility" to see instructions for running the Program Compatibility Wizard.
Message: Incomplete file copy
Refer to the file copy troubleshooting section in Microsoft Knowledge Base article 310064.
Message: NTLDR is missing
If you choose to update files at the beginning of Setup, this will be fixed automatically. See Microsoft Knowledge Base article 322069. For troubleshooting this error, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 314057.
Message: Error 127 or error code fffffdf0 in catroot2 folder
Rename the Windows\System\Catroot2 folder and run Setup again. See Microsoft Knowledge Base article 307153. This has been fixed in Dynamic Update 1.3. Run Setup again and download the updated Setup files when prompted.
Message: "File not found: ASMS"
For troubleshooting tips, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 311755.
Setup hangs during "finalizing settings" phase.
This error is usually caused by virus protection software. Cancel Setup, disable your virus protection software, and then start Setup again. (Or, if you choose to update files at the beginning of Setup, this will be fixed automatically.)
Create boot disks
A boot disk is a floppy disk or set of disks that lets you start the computer without using Windows. It can be useful to have this when doing certain types of troubleshooting and when performing a new installation of Windows.
You can download a program to create the six Windows XP Setup boot floppy disks that contain the files and drivers required to access the CD-ROM drive and begin the Setup process. To do this, go to Obtaining Windows XP Setup Boot Disks (http://support.microsoft.com:80/support/kb/articles/q310/9/94.asp).
However, rather than creating boot disks, we recommend that you boot your computer from the Windows XP CD to start Setup. If your computer is not already able to do this (most newer computers are), refer to the section titled "Configure a computer to boot from CD" for more information. If your computer does not support booting from CD, you can download a file that will help you create boot disks. See the list at the end of this section for download locations.
Creating the Setup boot disks
When you download the Setup disks, the download contains only one large program file. When you run the downloaded file, it extracts the files to individual floppy disks. You receive the following prompt:
This program creates the Setup boot disks for Microsoft Windows XP.
To create these disks, you need to provide 6 blank, formatted, high-density disks.
Please specify the floppy drive to copy the images to.
Type the drive letter for the floppy disk drive (this is typically drive A). After you type the floppy disk drive letter, you see the following prompt:
Insert one of these disks into drive :. This disk will become the Windows XP Setup Boot Disk.
Press any key when you are ready.
When you press a key, the downloaded file starts extracting and copying the files. Continue inserting the blank disks as you are prompted to do so until all six disks are created. If the process is interrupted, you must run the downloaded program file again to create all six disks.
Label each disk with the number that is specified by the program. You must use the disks in the correct order during the Setup process.
After you create all six disks, insert the first disk in the floppy disk drive, and then restart the computer. Note that the computer must be configured to boot from the floppy disk drive. Most computers will do this automatically, but in some cases, you might need to modify your computer's BIOS settings to do this. For information about modifying your computer's BIOS settings, refer to the section titled "Configure a computer to boot from CD."
When you restart the computer, the Setup process begins. Insert each floppy disk as you are prompted to do so. You will then be prompted for the Windows XP CD to finish Setup.
Configure a computer to boot from CD
Some computers might automatically offer the option to boot from CD if they detect a bootable CD in the CD-ROM drive. If so, when you start the computer with a bootable CD in the CD-ROM drive, you'll see the message "Press any key to boot from CD." Otherwise, you can set your computer to boot from CD by using the setup program for your computer's BIOS (basic input/output system). Here's how:
When you first start the computer, look for a short message telling you which key to press for setup. For example, some computers will have this message: Press DELETE to enter setup.
If your computer doesn't give you such a message, try pressing these commonly used keys during startup:
DELETE
F1
F2
F3, then F2
F10
CTRL+ALT+ESC
CTRL+ALT+S
ESC
If graphics appear during startup, pressing ESC often makes the graphics disappear so that you can see the correct key for entering BIOS setup.
When you see the message, quickly press the indicated key. You will enter a DOS-like program that consists of one or more screens. You probably won't be able to use the mouse while in this program. BIOS programs vary widely, but look for an option called "Boot order" or something similar.
Set the boot order to boot from CD before booting from the hard drive.
Some newer laptop computers have a Windows-based utility for configuring the BIOS. If your computer won't boot from a CD, refer to the section titled "Other Setup-related tasks" for information about starting Setup from the command prompt.
Set up a multiboot system
You can install more than one operating system on your computer and choose which operating system you want to use every time you start your computer. This is called a dual-boot or multiboot configuration. This section explains how to set up Windows XP as a multiboot system with the following operating systems:
Windows 2000, Windows NT 4.0, and Windows NT 3.51
Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Millennium Edition
MS-DOS or Windows 3.x
Precautions
Before creating a multiboot configuration with Windows XP and another operating system, review the following precautions:
Be sure to back up your current system and all data files.
Each operating system must be installed on a separate volume. Microsoft does not support installing multiple operating systems on the same volume.
If you have only one volume on your computer, you have to reformat and repartition your hard disk to contain multiple volumes before you begin creating a multiboot configuration, unless you are simply installing another copy of Windows XP.
Do not install Windows XP on a compressed drive that was not compressed using the NTFS compression utility.
Before installing Windows XP, you should disable antivirus software, and you might want to run the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool to test your computer's random access memory (RAM). To use the Windows Memory Diagnostic tool, follow the instructions on the Windows Memory Diagnostic (http://oca.microsoft.com/en/windiag.asp) Web site. Be sure to enable your virus protection software after installing Windows XP.
You must use a different computer name for each operating system if the computer is on a Windows 2000 or Windows XP domain.
The operating systems should be installed from oldest to newest. If possible, install operating systems in the following order:
MS-DOS
Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition
Note: You cannot install Windows Millennium Edition over any version of Windows NT, but they can exist together on a single system. It is recommended that you install each to a separate hard disk or partition. If Windows NT is already installed, Windows Millennium Edition Setup will add itself to the Windows NT boot menu to allow you to multiboot between Windows Millennium Edition and Windows NT. For more information, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 271240.
Windows NT
Windows 2000
Windows XP (Professional or Home Edition)
Partitioning the hard disk and selecting file systems
A partition is a logical section of a hard disk. Each partition normally has its own file system. For more information about partitions, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 313348.
You might need to reformat and repartition your hard disk if:
You have only one volume but you want to set up a multiboot configuration. You have to install each operating system on a separate volume so that each installation can retain its own files and configuration information.
The boot volume is not formatted with the correct file system:
If you want to create a multiboot system by using Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition along with Microsoft Windows XP, you have to format the boot volume by using FAT because Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Millennium Edition do not support the NTFS file system.
If you want to install Windows 95 (retail version 4.00.950), your boot volume must be formatted as FAT. Windows 95 (OSR2.1 and above) can have a FAT32 boot volume and dual boot with Windows 2000 and Windows XP. For more information, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 258662.
If you want to create a multiboot system using Windows 95 OSR2, Windows 98, or Windows Millennium Edition with Windows 2000 or Windows XP, you can format the boot volume by using FAT32.
Note: If you format a Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, or Windows XP volume with any file system other than NTFS, you will lose all NTFS-specific features. This includes Windows XP features such as file system security, Encrypting File System (EFS) settings, disk quotas, and remote storage. Likewise, Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Millennium Edition do not recognize an NTFS partition; they will identify it as unknown. Therefore, if you format a Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition partition as FAT, and a Windows XP partition as NTFS, any files on the NTFS partition will not be available or visible if you try to access them while running Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition.
Supported file systems
The following table lists the supported file systems for Microsoft operating systems:
Operating system
Supported file systems
MS-DOS
FAT
Windows 3.1
FAT
Windows NT
FAT, NTFS
Windows 95
FAT
Windows 95 OSR2
FAT, FAT32
Windows 98
FAT, FAT32
Windows Millennium Edition
FAT, FAT32
Windows 2000
FAT, FAT32, NTFS
Windows XP (both Professional and Home Edition)
FAT, FAT32, NTFS
To create a multiboot system with Windows XP and MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows Millennium Edition
You cannot install two or more of the following in a multiboot configuration: Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Millennium Edition.
These combinations work:
MS-DOS, Windows 95, and Windows XP
MS-DOS, Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition, and Windows XP
This combination does not work:
Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Millennium Edition
You should install Windows XP only after installing MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows Millennium Edition. This will prevent these operating systems from overwriting the Windows XP boot sector and the Windows XP startup files.
Note: If you install the operating systems in the wrong order, you will need to use the Recovery Console or run Windows XP Setup again to get Windows XP back. For more information, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 307654.
To create a multiboot system with Windows XP and MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows Millennium Edition:
Make sure that you have a separate partition or hard disk for each operating system you plan to install, and that each partition or hard disk is formatted with the correct file system.
Do one of the following:
If you want a multiboot system with MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition along with Windows XP, first install MS-DOS; followed by Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows Millennium Edition; and then install Windows XP.
If you want a dual-boot system with only Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition, install either Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition, and then install Windows XP.
Install each operating system according to the standard installation procedure.
To create a multiboot system with Windows NT 4.0 and Windows XP
Using a multiboot system with both Windows NT 4.0 and Windows XP is not recommended as a long-term solution. The NTFS update in Service Pack 5 (SP5) for Windows NT 4.0 is provided only to help you evaluate and upgrade to Windows XP.
To create a multiboot system with Windows NT 4.0 and Windows XP:
Make sure that your hard disk is formatted with the correct file system: either FAT32 or NTFS.
Install Windows NT 4.0, download Windows NT Service Pack 5 from Microsoft, and install the service pack. Then install Windows XP to a separate volume.
Install each operating system according to the standard installation procedure.
Note: If you intend to install more than one operating system consisting of some combination of Windows NT 4.0 with either Windows 2000 or Windows XP as the only installed operating systems, you must make sure that you have installed Service Pack 5 or higher for Windows NT 4.0. You can download the latest Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack here: Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 6a (http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/nts/downloads/recommended/SP6/allSP6.asp).
Windows XP automatically upgrades any NTFS partitions that it finds on your system to the version of NTFS that is used in Windows 2000 and Windows XP. However, Windows NT 4.0 requires Service Pack 5 to read and write files on a volume that is formatted with the version of NTFS used in Windows 2000 and Windows XP.
Installing programs on more than one operating system
If you have more than one operating system, and you want certain programs or drivers to work on both systems, you must install those items on each system separately. For example, if you want to use Microsoft Word on a computer with both Windows 98 and Windows XP installed, you have to install Microsoft Word two times (once on Windows 98 and once on Windows XP).
You can install the program to the same path for different operating systems, as long as the target location uses a file system both operating systems can read.
Note: Windows 95 or Windows 98 might reconfigure hardware settings the first time you use them, which might cause configuration problems when you start Windows XP.
Specifying the default operating system for startup
If you have more than one operating system on your computer, you can set the operating system that you want to use as the default when you start your computer:
Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click System.
On the Advanced tab, under Startup and Recovery, click Settings.
Under System startup, in the Default operating system list, click the operating system that you want to start when you turn on your computer.
Select the Display list of operating systems for check box, and then type the number of seconds for which you want the list displayed before the default operating system starts.
Warning: The boot options file (Boot.ini) controls the number and order of operating systems on your computer. To manually edit this file, click Edit on the Startup and Recovery tab. Use caution when modifying the boot options file. Doing so incorrectly might render your computer unusable. For more information, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 289022.
Troubleshooting problems with multiboot systems
These additional troubleshooting ideas might help you resolve your issue without having to call technical support:
Errors with Internet Explorer:
When you start Microsoft Internet Explorer, the browser might quit and you might receive an error message that is similar to the following:
iexplore caused an Invalid Page Fault in module kernel32.dll
This error might occur if you install multiple operating systems on a single volume. To resolve this issue, install each operating system on a separate volume.
You cannot configure your computer to start both Windows 95 and Windows 98 (or Windows Millennium Edition)
You cannot configure a computer to multiboot Windows 95 and Windows 98 (or Windows Millennium Edition) because those platforms use the same boot file. Therefore, multibooting Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Millennium Edition at the same time is not supported.
The boot menu does not appear upon startup
When you start your computer, the boot menu does not appear and you are unable to start Windows XP. This problem might occur if you install Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition after you install Windows XP. To resolve this issue, repair or reinstall Windows XP.
For more information about multibooting with Windows 2000 and Windows XP, see Multibooting with Windows 2000 and Windows XP (http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/administration/management/mltiboot.asp).
Also, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 205287.
Repair or recover a system
You can repair or recover your system in several different ways. Instructions for each method are below. Try the methods in this order:
Revert to the "Last Known Good" configuration.
Start the computer in Safe Mode and try to fix the problem.
Use the Windows XP Recovery Console.
Use System Restore.
Use Automated System Recovery (works for Windows XP Professional only, not Windows XP Home Edition).
To use the Last Known Good configuration:
If Windows XP will not start, you can restore your system to the Last Known Good configuration – in other words, your most recent settings that worked. Here's how:
Start the computer and then press the F8 key when Windows begins to start. The Windows Advanced Options menu appears.
Use the arrow keys to select Last Known Good Configuration (your most recent settings that worked), and then press ENTER.
If a boot menu appears, use the arrow keys to select Microsoft Windows XP, and then press ENTER. Windows XP restores the computer to the most recent restore point.
To use the Windows XP Recovery Console:
The Windows XP Recovery Console allows you to:
Use, copy, rename, or replace operating system files and folders.
Enable or disable service or device startup when you next start your computer.
Repair the file system boot sector or the Master Boot Record (MBR).
Create and format partitions on drives.
Here's how to use the Recovery Console:
Insert the Windows XP CD into your CD-ROM drive, and then restart your computer.
On the menu that appears, click Install Windows XP.
Press R to repair the selected Windows installation.
When you use the Recovery Console, you will be prompted to enter the Administrator account password. If you enter an incorrect password three times, the Recovery Console will close. If the database that contains user account information for your computer is missing or damaged, you will not be able to use the Recovery Console.
After you enter your password and the Recovery Console starts, type exit to restart the computer. The Recovery Console has some other limitations. For details, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 314058: Description of the Windows XP Recovery Console.
To use System Restore
The following section describes how to use the System Restore tool to return your computer to a previous working state. System Restore takes a "snapshot" of critical system files and some program files and stores this information as restore points. You can use these restore points to return Windows XP to a previous state.
To create a restore point
Creating a restore point is useful any time you anticipate making changes to your computer that are risky or that might make your computer unstable.
To access the System Restore Wizard, click Start, and then click Help and Support. Click Performance and Maintenance, click Using System Restore to undo changes, and then click Run the System Restore Wizard.
Click Create a restore point, and then click Next.
In the Restore point box, type a name to identify this restore point. System Restore automatically adds to this name the date and time that this restore point is created.
To finish creating this restore point, click Create.
Using System Restore to Restore Windows XP
If Windows XP will start, you can use System Restore to set your system back to an earlier, working point. Here's how:
Log on to Windows as Administrator.
Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click System Restore. System Restore starts.
On the Welcome to System Restore page, click Restore my computer to an earlier time (if it is not already selected), and then click Next.
On the Select a Restore Point page, click the most recent system checkpoint in the On this list, click a restore point list, and then click Next. A System Restore message might appear that lists configuration changes that System Restore will make. Click OK.
On the Confirm Restore Point Selection page, click Next. System Restore restores the previous Windows XP configuration, and then restarts the computer.
Log on to the computer as Administrator. The System Restore Restoration Complete page appears. Click OK.
To use Automated System Recovery:
We recommend that you regularly create backups as part of an overall plan for system recovery.
Note: Restoring from backup should be a last resort for system recovery. Use this method only after you have exhausted other options. For example, you should first try starting the computer in Safe Mode and reverting to the Last Known Good configuration. These steps are described earlier in this section.
Automated System Recovery (ASR) is a two-part system; it includes ASR backup and ASR restore. The ASR Wizard, located on the Start menu under Accessories\System Tools\Backup, does the backup portion. The wizard backs up the system state, system services, and all the disks that are associated with the operating system components. ASR also creates a file that contains information about the backup, the disk configurations (including basic and dynamic volumes), and how to perform a restore.
You can access the restore portion by pressing F2 when prompted in the text-mode portion of Setup. ASR reads the disk configurations from the file that it creates. It restores all the disk signatures, volumes, and partitions on the disks that you need to start the computer. ASR will try to restore all the disk configurations, but under some circumstances it might not be able to. ASR then installs a simple installation of Windows and automatically starts a restoration using the backup created by the ASR Wizard.
For more information about system recovery and repair, see the following Microsoft Knowledge Base articles:
818903: Automated System Recovery Overview in Windows XP
322756: How to Back Up, Edit, and Restore the Registry in Windows XP
306084: How to Restore the Operating System to a Previous State in Windows XP
304449: How to Start the System Restore Tool from a Command Prompt in Windows XP
302700: An Error Message Is Displayed When You Attempt to Use the Automated System Recovery Wizard in Windows XP Home Edition
Find a Microsoft Knowledge Base article
To find a Microsoft Knowledge Base article, go to Microsoft Help and Support (http://support.microsoft.com), type the article number in the Search the Knowledge Base box, and then press ENTER.
Additional resources
Visit these Web sites for updates or late-breaking information about Windows XP.
General information: Microsoft Windows XP Web site (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=10087)
Product updates and fixes online: Microsoft Windows Update (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=25683)
Products compatible with Windows XP: Microsoft Windows Catalog (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=6582)
Articles about product support issues: Microsoft Knowledge Base (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=4441)
Information about using a Tablet PC: Microsoft Windows XP Tablet PC Edition Web Site (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=8676)
SP2 information for consumers: Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2 Web site for consumers (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=25086)
SP2 information for IT professionals: Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2 Web site for information technology professionals (http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=25682)
Information in this document, including URL and other Internet Web site references, is subject to change without notice. Unless otherwise noted, the example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted herein are fictitious, and no association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. Without limiting the rights under copyright, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), or for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation.
Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.
Copyright 2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Microsoft, MS-DOS, Windows, Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP Home Edition, and Windows XP Professional are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
The names of actual companies and products mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.

Muktinath, Singhdurbar and Map of parks, in Nepal

2008-10-15T21:57:00.002+07:00

some Map & Picture of Nepal

2008-10-15T21:48:00.002+07:00

Anashuya Paudel

2008-10-09T21:20:00.005+07:00

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2008-10-07T09:04:00.003+07:00

Vijaya Dashami - Thursday, October 09, 2008 (Ashwin 23, 2065)

Dashain is the most important festival in Nepal. Officially begins with Ghatasthapana which falls exactly on the first day of the fortnight of Ashwin (around September/October). During Ghatasthapana, a ceremonial water jar, known as Kalasha, is put at an area in the house that has been designated to be pure. This jar symbolizes shakti or energy of Devi Durga, who is worshipped during the entire festival. This festival lasts for ten days which is the reason why it is known as 'Dashain' meaning ten days of celebration. Dasain brings families together. This is the time when people who have gone to work away from their home, usually from remote areas to Kathmandu, go back home to be with their families. Before the festivities begin, Nepalese people go on a shopping spree for clothes and many other items. Lots of people also indulge themselves in kite flying which can start as early as two months before Dasain officially begins. This sport gets quite competitive as people duel each other by trying to cut the string off kites of rivals in an effort to prove who has the longest staying power in the sky. The complete days of Dashain and their corresponding English dates for this year are: 1st day "Ghatasthapana" September 30, 2008 7th day "Phulpati" October 6, 2008 8th day "Mahaastami" October 7, 2008 9th day "Mahanawomi" October 8, 2008 10th day "Vijaya Dashami" October 9, 2008 Even though the festival is for ten days, celebration picks up only from Phulpati and goes on till the tenth day or Vijaya Dashami, meaning the Victory day. One of the fascinating features of this festival is the animal sacrifice. The day set for the animal sacrifice is Mahaastami, which is the eighth day of the celebration. Thousands and thousands of animals are sacrificed on this day. The sacrificial activities start at mid-night and generally continue till noon of the next day. The point of the time prescribed for the animal sacrifice in the Shastras or the holy scripture is mid-night of Mahaastami, which is locally known as Maha Kaal Ratri, meaning the great dark night. The celebration of Dashain is centered on the worship of Shakti or Mother Goddess. The tradition of Shakti Puja seems to have a very ancient origin. When we turn to the Vedas for proof, we find several interesting hymns dedicated to the glory of Addi Shakti, the universal mother. Some of her earlier names mentioned in the Vedas are Usha, Prithvi, Vac, Ratri, Aditi, and so forth. The Puranas are full of songs praising her.

2008-10-05T20:49:00.003+07:00

2008-10-05T20:14:00.002+07:00

Dear All,
"Happy Vijaya Dashami 2065"

टिका होस् निधारमा, जमरा होस्कानमा, सुख होस् परिवारमा, शान्ती होस्देशमा, दसैं मा खुशीको बासहोस् सत्रुको नाश होस्, हरेक परिक्षामा पIसहोस्, सुन चन्दीको रासहोस्, पुरा होस् मनोकामना, यही छ विजय दशमी 2065 कोशुभकामना/

Dilip Raj Paudel

2008-06-29T17:24:00.001+07:00

There are more than 172 pices of stone on G.B.

2008-06-29T10:28:00.001+07:00

Stone of G.B. of Dilip Raj Paudel, operated by Prof. Dr. V.K. Jaiswal at Patan Hospital on 2065-03-06 BS

Picture - MANAGEMENT JOURNAL Vol.1-2008

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2008-05-12T23:42:00.001+07:00

2008-05-12T23:37:00.002+07:00

2008-04-12T12:15:00.001+07:00

2008-04-12T12:07:00.001+07:00

Picture taking on CA poll in Nepal on 10th April 2008

2008-04-12T11:51:00.002+07:00